Enteric Glia and Brain Astroglia: Complex Communication in Health and Disease along the Gut-Brain Axis

D’Antongiovanni, Vanessa; Pellegrini, Carolina; Antonioli, Luca; Ippolito, Chiara; Segnani, Cristina; Benvenuti, Laura; d’Amati, Antonio; Errede, Mariella; Virgintino, Daniela; Fornai, Matteo; Bernardini, Nunzia

doi:10.1177/10738584231163460

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Patients with neurodegenerative diseases often exhibit gastrointestinal disorders and those with inflammatory bowel diseases can experience neurological disorders. In these patients, for example, microglial cells appear to activate astrocytes (reactive astrocytes) that are implicated in perpetuating neuroinflammatory processes that contribute to apoptosis of oligodendrocytes and synaptic nerve degeneration ( 187 , 188 ).…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ins and outs of microglial cells in brain health and disease

Pallarés-Moratalla,

Bergers

2024

Front. Immunol.

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Microglia are the brain’s resident macrophages that play pivotal roles in immune surveillance and maintaining homeostasis of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Microglia are functionally implicated in various cerebrovascular diseases, including stroke, aneurysm, and tumorigenesis as they regulate neuroinflammatory responses and tissue repair processes. Here, we review the manifold functions of microglia in the brain under physiological and pathological conditions, primarily focusing on the implication of microglia in glioma propagation and progression. We further review the current status of therapies targeting microglial cells, including their re-education, depletion, and re-population approaches as therapeutic options to improve patient outcomes for various neurological and neuroinflammatory disorders, including cancer.

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Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ins and outs of microglial cells in brain health and disease

Pallarés-Moratalla,

Bergers

2024

Front. Immunol.

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“…This intricate network involves multiple nervous and immune systems and is influenced by the composition of the gut microbiota and its metabolites (Mayer et al 2022 ). Notably, the gut–brain axis contributes to regulating various physiological processes, including digestion, metabolism, the immune response, and mood (D’Antongiovanni et al 2023 ). Multiple communications of the gut–brain axis occur through several pathways, such as neural connections, hormonal signaling, immune interactions, and microbial metabolites (Ancona et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Nds and Their Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Herbal medicine and gut microbiota: exploring untapped therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative disease management

Guan,

Tang,

et al. 2024

Arch. Pharm. Res.

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The gut microbiota that exists in the human gastrointestinal tract is incredibly important for the maintenance of general health as it contributes to multiple aspects of host physiology. Recent research has revealed a dynamic connection between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system, that can influence neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Indeed, imbalances in the gut microbiota, or dysbiosis, play a vital role in the pathogenesis and progression of human diseases, particularly NDs. Herbal medicine has been used for centuries to treat human diseases, including NDs. These compounds help to relieve symptoms and delay the progression of NDs by improving intestinal barrier function, reducing neuroinflammation, and modulating neurotransmitter production. Notably, herbal medicine can mitigate the progression of NDs by regulating the gut microbiota. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the potential mechanisms by which herbal medicine regulates the gut microbiota in the treatment of NDs can help explain the pathogenesis of NDs from a novel perspective and propose novel therapeutic strategies for NDs. In this review, we investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of herbal medicine, focusing on its ability to regulate the gut microbiota and restore homeostasis. We also highlight the challenges and future research priorities of the integration of herbal medicine and modern medicine. As the global population ages, access to this information is becoming increasingly important for developing effective treatments for these diseases.

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“…Disturbances in the gut are correlated with metabolic disorders. Several studies have reported the correlation between IBD, neurodegenerative, and neuroinflammatory diseases [ 95 , 96 ]. Recent population-based studies suggest that patients with IBD are at a high risk of developing PD [ 97 ].…”

Section: Effects Of Baicalin Functions On the Gut–brain Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic Effects of Baicalin on Diseases Related to Gut–Brain Axis Dysfunctions

Hu,

Hou,

Xiong

et al. 2023

Molecules

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The gut–brain axis is an active area of research. Several representative diseases, including central nervous system disorders (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and depression), metabolic disorders (obesity-related diseases), and intestinal disorders (inflammatory bowel disease and dysbiosis), are associated with the dysfunctional gut–brain axis. Baicalin, a bioactive flavonoid extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis, is reported to exert various pharmacological effects. This narrative review summarizes the molecular mechanisms and potential targets of baicalin in disorders of the gut–brain axis. Baicalin protects the central nervous system through anti-neuroinflammatory and anti-neuronal apoptotic effects, suppresses obesity through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and alleviates intestinal disorders through regulatory effects on intestinal microorganisms and short-chain fatty acid production. The bioactivities of baicalin are mediated through the gut–brain axis. This review comprehensively summarizes the regulatory role of baicalin in gut–brain axis disorders, laying a foundation for future research, although further confirmatory basic research is required.

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Enteric Glia and Brain Astroglia: Complex Communication in Health and Disease along the Gut-Brain Axis

Cited by 11 publications

References 91 publications

The ins and outs of microglial cells in brain health and disease

The ins and outs of microglial cells in brain health and disease

Herbal medicine and gut microbiota: exploring untapped therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative disease management

Therapeutic Effects of Baicalin on Diseases Related to Gut–Brain Axis Dysfunctions

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