Enteric Fever in Mediterranean North Africa

Ghenghesh, Khalifa Sifaw; Franka, Ezzadin; Tawil, Khaled; Wasfy, Momtaz O.; Ahmed, Salwa F.; Rubino, Salvatore; Klena, John D.

doi:10.3855/jidc.606

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(42 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…S. Paratyphi B is also reported from some Middle Eastern countries (e.g. Turkey) [14] and from North Africa [7].…”

Section: Cause Of Enteric Fever In Endemic Countriesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In many middleincome developing countries, improvements in health and infrastructure have led to a decrease in enteric fever rates. Countries such as Chile [5], Turkey [2], Jamaica [6], Egypt and other North African nations [7] have reported a significant decline in enteric fever (although overall rates are still higher than 1/100 000 and rates in some locales are probably higher). On the other hand, countries in the Indian subcontinent and south-east Asia (mostly Indonesia) still report rates that are 10-100 folds of those of other developing countries.…”

Section: The Changing Epidemiology Of Enteric Fever In Endemic Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Enteric fever: a travel medicine oriented view

Meltzer

Schwartz²

2010

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The ongoing emergence of S. Paratyphi A results in partial benefit from current typhoid vaccines in the prevention of enteric fever in travelers. Increasing antimicrobial resistance complicates therapy for travel-related enteric fever. New vaccines, offering protection against both agents of enteric fever, are urgently needed; however, none of the current vaccine candidates is likely to be available for several years.

show abstract

“…S. Paratyphi B is also reported from some Middle Eastern countries (e.g. Turkey) [14] and from North Africa [7].…”

Section: Cause Of Enteric Fever In Endemic Countriesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: The Changing Epidemiology Of Enteric Fever In Endemic Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteric fever: a travel medicine oriented view

Meltzer

Schwartz²

2010

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…To our knowledge, no previous studies have examined the population-based surveillance at all the public hospitals for laboratory-confirmed Salmonella infections in Lagos State, Nigeria. In Mediterranean African countries, typhoid fever is considered endemic with medium incidence of 10 to 100 cases per 100,000 persons [14,15] and in Libya the incidence rate for the year 2006 was 16 per 100,000 persons per year [16]. Egypt remains a country with intermediate incidence of one to 180 per 100,000 cases of enteric fever, below nations such as India and Indonesia which claimed more than 100 cases per 100,000 persons [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A retrospective study of community-acquired Salmonella infections in patients attending public hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria

Akinyemi

Oshundare

Oyeyinka

et al. 2011

J Infect Dev Ctries

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction: A retrospective cohort study on Salmonella-associated diseases (SADs) was conducted in 14 public hospitals across Lagos State, Nigeria, between 1999 and 2008. Methodology: Medical records of clinically diagnosed patients with confirmed Salmonella infections were reviewed for the 10-year period. Laboratory diagnosis of typhoid fever cases in all the hospitals were first based on Widal agglutination tests then followed by culture, while non-typhoidal Salmonella infections were based on culture technique. Results: A total of 85,187 confirmed cases of SADs were found, of which 880 deaths were recorded (case-fatality rate = 1.03% / 10 years). The mean incidence of SADs in Lagos State for the 10-year period was estimated at 45 cases per 100,000 persons/year, while that of typhoid fever alone was 16 cases per 100,000 persons/year. During the studied period, the number of deaths due to typhoid fever was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than deaths due to gastroenteritis except in 2003 and 2004. Risk associated with typhoidal deaths was 4 to 11 times greater when compared to gastroenteritis deaths between 2000 and 2002. Salmonella-associated diseases were most prevalent in adults 21 -to30 years of age (49.49%). Cases of patients with invasive Salmonella-associated gastroenteritis were observed mainly in children under five years of age. Conclusion: The current surveillance data indicated high incidence of SADs in areas exposed to environmental contaminations. This study revealed that infections caused by Salmonella enterica serovars are endemic in our environment thus poses a serious threat to public health. Constant public health education is essential to avert undue epidemics.

show abstract

“…Resistance to fluoroquinolones has emerged in the region and represents a significant threat to typhoid fever treatment [6]. A single point mutation in the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) of gyrA can mediate the non-fluorinated quinolone (NAL) resistance and reduce susceptibility to fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin [CIP]) [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased quinolone resistance among typhoid Salmonella isolated from Egyptian patients

Saleh

Ahmed

Khairy

et al. 2014

J Infect Dev Ctries

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction: Typhoid fever is endemic in Egypt; and quinolones are the empirical treatment of choice. There are very limited data reporting quinolone resistance among Egyptian typhoidal Salmonella isolates. We previously reported that all typhoidal Salmonella were sensitive to quinolones. This study aimed to isolate and identify typhoidal Salmonella from cases suffering from enteric fever at Minia Governorate, Egypt, determine their quinolone resistance patterns, compare them to those reported 20 years ago, and test gyrA mutation as a possible mechanism for quinolone resistance. Methodology: Stool samples from Widal-positive subjects were screened by culture on suitable media and were identified biochemically. The identified isolates were tested for resistance against three representatives of the first three quinolone generations, namely nalidixic acid (NAL), levofloxacin (LEV), and norfloxacin (NOR). The gyrA gene was amplified and sequenced to detect point mutation(s) conferring quinolone resistance. Results: Out of 230 stool samples (from patients with Widal anti-O titers of ≥ 1/160), 40 isolates were S. enterica serovar Typhi (97.5%) and Paratyphi A (2.5%). Six (15%) isolates were resistant to at least one of the quinolones, compared to 0% in 1993. In this regard, 15%, 7.5%, and 2.5% of the isolates were resistant to NAL, both NAL and LEV, and all three quinolones tested, respectively. Sequencing of the gyrA gene revealed point mutations at position 83 and/or 87 of the gyrA gene only among the resistant isolates. Conclusion: There has been an increase in quinolone-resistant typhoidal Salmonella in Egypt over time.

show abstract

Enteric Fever in Mediterranean North Africa

Cited by 20 publications

References 36 publications

Enteric fever: a travel medicine oriented view

Enteric fever: a travel medicine oriented view

A retrospective study of community-acquired Salmonella infections in patients attending public hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria

Increased quinolone resistance among typhoid Salmonella isolated from Egyptian patients

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About