Enteric Fever

Kumar, Praveen; Kumar, Rakesh

doi:10.1007/s12098-016-2246-4

Cited by 33 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Widal often is the only test available for diagnosis in low-middle-income countries. Therefore, if we included Widal test in our diagnostic panel with a higher 1: 320 dilution threshold than the suggested 1:160 dilution for agglutinating antibodies to O and H antigens of Salmonella typhi [28]. This helped us in diagnosing an additional 12 enteric fever cases with SBI (Table 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Incidence, clinical profile, and risk factors for serious bacterial infections in children hospitalized with fever in Ujjain, India

et al. 2020

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Background: Fever is a cause for concern for both parents and the treating pediatrician and a common reason for antibiotic overuse. However, the proportion of children hospitalized for fever with serious bacterial infection (SBI) is uncertain. We aimed to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical, hematological, and biochemical risks for SBI among the children admitted with fever. Method: This prospective study was conducted in a rural teaching hospital in India on consecutive children, aged 3 months-12 years, presenting with fever 100°F (37.7°C) or higher. The presence of SBI was confirmed with one of the following criteria: (a) a positive blood culture; (b) roentgenographically confirmed pneumonia with high titres of C-reactive protein; (c) a culture-confirmed urinary tract infection; (d) enteric fever diagnosed clinically in addition to either a positive blood culture or high Widal titers; and (e) meningitis diagnosed clinically in addition to either a positive blood culture or cerebrospinal fluid culture. A predefined questionnaire was filled. Results: A total of 302 children were included in the study, out of which 47% (95% CI 41.4-52.7%) presented with SBI. The factors associated with confirmed SBI in bivariate analysis were history of previous hospitalization, history of chronic illness, history of medication in the previous 1 week, a partially immunized child, history of common cold, moderate-grade fever, toxic look, significant lymphadenopathy, absence of BCG scar, delayed development, irritability, breathlessness, respiratory distress, poor feeding, significant weight loss, suspected urinary tract infection, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and abnormal leucocyte count. The final generalized logistic regression model revealed partially immunized child (RR 4.26), breathlessness (RR 1.80), weight loss (RR 2.28), and suspected urinary tract infection (RR 1.95) as risk factors for the increased risk of SBI. Conclusion: The study identified multiple risk factors for SBI. Pediatricians can be made aware of these risk factors. Further studies are warranted to identify age-specific risk factors for SBI because most clinicians depend on clinical signs and symptoms to identify SBI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This helped us in diagnosing an additional 12 enteric fever cases with SBI (Table 1). Thus, Widal can be used in appropriate clinical setting to diagnose probable cases, with the caveat that the test might be false positive in malaria, dengue and disseminated tuberculosis [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence, clinical profile, and risk factors for serious bacterial infections in children hospitalized with fever in Ujjain, India

et al. 2020

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“…Salmonella vaccines include killed whole-cell, Vi, live oral Ty2la and Vi-rEPA. The use of vaccine may reduce infections, but availability, efficacy, safety and cost are some of the issues that hamper its use and effectiveness [22,23].…”

Section: Salmonella: the Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella infection – prevention and treatment by antibiotics and probiotic yeasts: a review

et al. 2018

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Global Salmonella infection, especially in developing countries, is a health and economic burden. The use of antibiotic drugs in treating the infection is proving less effective due to the alarming rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella, the effects of antibiotics on normal gut microflora and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, all of which bring a growing need for alternative treatments, including the use of probiotic micro-organisms. However, there are issues with probiotics, including their potential to be opportunistic pathogens and antibiotic-resistant carriers, and their antibiotic susceptibility if used as complementary therapy. Clinical trials, animal trials and in vitro investigations into the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacies of probiotics have demonstrated antagonistic properties against Salmonella and other enteropathogenic bacteria. Nonetheless, there is a need for further studies into the potential mechanisms, efficacy and mode of delivery of yeast probiotics in Salmonella infections. This review discusses Salmonella infections and treatment using antibiotics and probiotics.

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“…Alternative drugs are chloramphenicol (50-75 mg/kg/day) for 14-21 days, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (8 mg/kg/day) for 14 days, or amoxicillin (75-100 mg/kg/day) for 14 days [56]. Cases of severe enteric fever, characterized by delirium, stupor, coma, or obtundation, can be successfully treated with corticosteroids (e.g., intravenous dexamethasone at an initial dose of 3 mg/kg, followed by 1 mg/kg every six hours for two days) [57].…”

Section: Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Of Typhoid Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

Travel-Related Typhoid Fever: Narrative Review of the Scientific Literature

Muresu

Sotgiu

Are

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Enteric fever is a foodborne infectious disease caused by Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi A, B and C. The high incidence in low income countries can increase the risk of disease in travelers coming from high income countries. Pre-travel health advice on hygiene and sanitation practices and vaccines can significantly reduce the risk of acquiring infections. Although the majority of the cases are self-limiting, life-threatening complications can occur. Delayed diagnosis and cases of infections caused by multi-drug resistant strains can complicate the clinical management and affect the prognosis. More international efforts are needed to reduce the burden of disease in low income countries, indirectly reducing the risk of travelers in endemic settings. Surveillance activities can help monitor the epidemiology of cases caused by drug-susceptible and resistant strains.

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Enteric Fever

Cited by 33 publications

References 20 publications

Incidence, clinical profile, and risk factors for serious bacterial infections in children hospitalized with fever in Ujjain, India

Incidence, clinical profile, and risk factors for serious bacterial infections in children hospitalized with fever in Ujjain, India

Salmonella infection – prevention and treatment by antibiotics and probiotic yeasts: a review

Travel-Related Typhoid Fever: Narrative Review of the Scientific Literature

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