Entangling Mechanical Motion with Microwave Fields

Palomaki, Tauno; Teufel, John; Simmonds, Raymond W.; Lehnert, K. W.

doi:10.1126/science.1244563

Cited by 647 publications

(678 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…The combination of these techniques allows us to overcome the previous limitations and realize a photon-phonon quantum interface. Our experiment complements previous work on singleand two-mode (opto-)mechanical squeezing in microwave circuits [20][21][22][23]. Although these experiments were based on the same underlying interactions, they involved homodyne or heterodyne detection of light to access continuous-variable degrees of freedom of a quantum state -specifically, quadrature fluctuations in the mechanical and optical canonical variables.…”

mentioning

confidence: 55%

“…Over the past few years, several experiments have demonstrated precise control over optical and mechanical states through continuous optomechanical driving, including coherent state transfer [20,35,36] and microwaveto-optics conversion [12,37,38]. Due to the unavailability of the regime of single-photon strong cooperativity, strong drive fields have to be used in order to achieve the wanted coupling strength [39].…”

Section: Mechanical Response To Optical Pulsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further progress in quantum state control has mainly been limited to the domain of electromechanical devices, in which mechanical motion couples to superconducting circuits in the form of qubits and microwave cavities [15]. Recent achievements include single-phonon control of a micromechanical resonator by a superconducting flux qubit [16], the generation of quantum entanglement between quadratures of a microwave cavity field and micromechanical motion [20], * This work was published in Nature 530, 313-316 (2016 Interfacing mechanics with optical photons in the quantum regime is highly desirable because it adds important features such as the ability to transfer mechanical excitations over long distances [9,24]. In addition, the available toolbox of single-photon generation and detection allows for remote quantum state control [7].…”

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Non-classical correlations between single photons and phonons from a mechanical oscillator

Riedinger

Hong

Norte

et al. 2016

Nature

451

437

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Interfacing a single photon with another quantum system is a key capability in modern quantum information science. It allows quantum states of matter, such as spin states of atoms [1,2], atomic ensembles [3,4] or solids [5], to be prepared and manipulated by photon counting and, in particular, to be distributed over long distances. Such light-matter interfaces have become crucial to fundamental tests of quantum physics [6] and realizations of quantum networks [7]. Here we report non-classical correlations between single photons and phonons -the quanta of mechanical motion -from a nanomechanical resonator. We implement a full quantu protocol involving initialization of the resonator in its quantum ground state of motion and subsequent generation and read-out of correlated photon-phonon pairs. The observed violation of a Cauchy-Schwarz inequality is clear evidence for the non-classical nature of the mechanical state generated. Our results demonstrate the availability of on-chip solid-state mechanical resonators as light-matter quantum interfaces. The performance we achieved will enable studies of macroscopic quantum phenomena [8] as well as applications in quantum communication [9], as quantum memories [10] and as quantum transducers [11,12].Over the past few years, nanomechanical devices have been discussed as possible building blocks for quantum information architectures [9,13]. Their unique feature is that they combine an engineerable solid-state platform on the nanoscale with the possibility to coherently interact with a variety of physical quantum systems including electronic or nuclear spins, single charges, and photons [14,15]. This feature enables mechanics-based hybrid quantum systems that interconnect different, independent physical qubits through mechanical modes.A successful implementation of such quantum transducers requires the ability to create and control quantum states of mechanical motion. The first step -the initialization of micro-and nanomechanical systems in their quantum ground state of motion -has been realized in various mechanical systems either through direct cryogenic cooling [16,17] or laser cooling using microwave [18] and optical cavity fields [19]. Further progress in quantum state control has mainly been limited to the domain of electromechanical devices, in which mechanical motion couples to superconducting circuits in the form of qubits and microwave cavities [15]. Recent achievements include single-phonon control of a micromechanical resonator by a superconducting flux qubit [16], the generation of quantum entanglement between quadratures of a microwave cavity field and micromechanical motion [20], * This work was published in Nature 530, 313-316 (2016 Interfacing mechanics with optical photons in the quantum regime is highly desirable because it adds important features such as the ability to transfer mechanical excitations over long distances [9,24]. In addition, the available toolbox of single-photon generation and detection allows for remote quantum state control [7]. However...

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confidence: 55%

Section: Mechanical Response To Optical Pulsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non-classical correlations between single photons and phonons from a mechanical oscillator

Riedinger

Hong

Norte

et al. 2016

Nature

451

437

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“…We observe the quantum back-action noise imparted by the optical coupling resulting in correlated mechanical fluctuations of the two oscillators. Our results illustrate challenges and opportunities of coupling quantum objects with light for applications of quantum cavity optomechanics [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] .Cavity optomechanical systems comprised of a single mechanical oscillator interacting with a single electromagnetic cavity mode 15 serve useful quantum-mechanical functions, such as generating squeezed light [16][17][18] , detecting forces with quantum-limited sensitivity 19 or through back-action-evading measurement 20 , and both entangling and amplifying mechanical and optical modes 21 . Systems containing several mechanical elements offer additional capabilities.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cavity-mediated coupling of mechanical oscillators limited by quantum back-action

et al. 2015

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A complex quantum system can be constructed by coupling simple elements. For example, trapped-ion 1,2 or superconducting 3 quantum bits may be coupled by Coulomb interactions, mediated by the exchange of virtual photons. Alternatively, quantum objects can be made to emit and exchange real photons, providing either unidirectional coupling in cascaded geometries 4-6 , or bidirectional coupling that is particularly strong when both objects are placed within a common electromagnetic resonator 7 . However, in such an open system, the capacity of a coupling channel to convey quantum information or generate entanglement may be compromised by photon loss 8 . Here, we realize phase-coherent interactions between two addressable, spatially separated, near-groundstate mechanical oscillators within a driven optical cavity. We observe the quantum back-action noise imparted by the optical coupling resulting in correlated mechanical fluctuations of the two oscillators. Our results illustrate challenges and opportunities of coupling quantum objects with light for applications of quantum cavity optomechanics [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] .Cavity optomechanical systems comprised of a single mechanical oscillator interacting with a single electromagnetic cavity mode 15 serve useful quantum-mechanical functions, such as generating squeezed light [16][17][18] , detecting forces with quantum-limited sensitivity 19 or through back-action-evading measurement 20 , and both entangling and amplifying mechanical and optical modes 21 . Systems containing several mechanical elements offer additional capabilities. In the quantum regime, these systems may enable two-mode back-action-evading measurements 9 , creation of nonclassical states 10 , fundamental tests of quantum mechanics 8,11,12 , correlations at the quantum level with applications in highsensitivity measurements 13 , and quantum information science 14 . Realizing these proposed functions requires multiple-element cavity optomechanical systems in which quantum-mechanical optical force fluctuations dominate over thermal and technical ones.An important new feature in these multi-mechanical systems is photon-mediated forces between mechanical elements. Consider a driven cavity containing two mechanical elements with linear optomechanical coupling (Fig. 1a). Each element experiences radiation pressure proportional to the number of intracavity photons. The displacement of one element changes the cavity resonance frequency, causing a change in the intracavity photon number, and thereby modifying the force on the second element. In this manner, an effective optical spring is established between the mechanical elements (Fig. 1b). A quantized picture clarifies the role of cavity photons as the bidirectional force-mediating particle for this interaction: pump light is Stokes scattered off one element, generating a cavity photon that is absorbed through anti-Stokes scattering by the second element, and vice versa 7 (Fig. 1c). This cavity-mediated force has been shown to cause hybridization [22][23...

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Nanomechanical Dissipation and Strain Engineering

Sementilli

Romero

Bowen

2021

Adv Funct Materials

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Nanomechanical resonators have applications in a wide variety of technologies ranging from biochemical sensors to mobile communications, quantum computing, inertial sensing, and precision navigation. The quality factor of the mechanical resonance is critical for many applications. Until recently, mechanical quality factors rarely exceeded a million. In the past few years however, new methods have been developed to exceed this boundary. These methods involve careful engineering of the structure of the nanomechanical resonator, including the use of acoustic bandgaps and nested structures to suppress dissipation into the substrate, and the use of dissipation dilution and strain engineering to increase the mechanical frequency and suppress intrinsic dissipation. Together, they have allowed quality factors to reach values near a billion at room temperature, resulting in exceptionally low dissipation. This review aims to provide a pedagogical introduction to these new methods, primarily targeted to readers who are new to the field, together with an overview of the existing state‐of‐the‐art, what may be possible in the future, and a perspective on the future applications of these extreme‐high quality resonators.

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Entangling Mechanical Motion with Microwave Fields

Cited by 647 publications

References 39 publications

Non-classical correlations between single photons and phonons from a mechanical oscillator

Non-classical correlations between single photons and phonons from a mechanical oscillator

Cavity-mediated coupling of mechanical oscillators limited by quantum back-action

Nanomechanical Dissipation and Strain Engineering

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