“…Especially, during extreme El Niño events a huge amount of heat is released to the atmosphere that is otherwise stored in the subsurface ocean. In the past, during the extreme EP El Niños of 1982-1983, 1997-1998, and 2015 has led to a global temperature increase by 0.1-0.2 K (McPhaden, Lee, et al, 2020). The additional heat release is rather short, that is, lasting for up to 1 year, but can, however, trigger other tipping elements, in the worst case initiate a tipping cascade, and therefore further enhance global warming (Dekker et al, 2018;Duque-Villegas et al, 2019;Wunderling et al, 2021).…”