ENSO‐driven carbon see saw in the Indo‐Pacific

Rixen, Tim; Ittekkot, V.; Herunadi, Bambang; Wetzel, P.; Maier‐Reimer, Ernst; Gaye-Haake, Birgit

doi:10.1029/2005gl024965

Cited by 29 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Jickells et al, 1996;Honjo et al, 1999;Waniek et al, 2005) and reveal consistent seasonal as well as interannual variation driven by surface water processes (e.g. Waniek et al, 2005;Hakke et al, 1996;Rixen et al, 2006;Holmes et al, 2002;Fischer et al, 1988;Wefer and Fischer, 1993;Voss et al, 1996).…”

Section: Biogenic Flux Datamentioning

confidence: 82%

Influence of physical and biological processes on the seasonal cycle of biogenic flux in the equatorial Indian Ocean

et al. 2013

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Abstract. Seasonal cycle of biogenic fluxes obtained from sediment trap at two locations 5 • 24 N, 86 • 46 E (southern Bay of Bengal trap; SBBT) and 3 • 34 N, 77 • 46 E (equatorial Indian Ocean trap; EIOT) within the equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO) were examined to understand the factors that control them. The sediment trap data at SBBT was collected for ten years from November 1987 while that at EIOT was for a one year period from January 1996. The characteristic of biogenic flux at SBBT was the strong seasonality with peak flux in August, while lack of seasonality characterised the flux at EIOT. The high chlorophyll biomass at the SBBT during the summer monsoon was supported by a combination of processes such as wind-mixing and advection, both of which supplied new nitrogen to the upper ocean. In contrast, the elevated chlorophyll at EIOT during summer monsoon was supported only by wind mixing. High cell counts of phytoplankton (> 5 µm) at SBBT dominated by diatoms suggest the operation of classical food web and high carbon export. On the contrary, dominance of pico-phytoplankton and one-and-a-half time higher magnitude of micro-zooplankton biomass along with 2-fold lesser meso-zooplankton at EIOT indicated the importance of microbial loop. The substantial decrease in the carbon export at EIOT indicated faster remineralization of photosynthetically produced organic matter.

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Section: Biogenic Flux Datamentioning

confidence: 82%

Influence of physical and biological processes on the seasonal cycle of biogenic flux in the equatorial Indian Ocean

et al. 2013

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“…In river dominated systems the situation differs because the acidic freshwater reduces the carbonate production Rixen et al, 2006) and as discussed before lithogenic matter is the main ballast mineral determining the export out of the seasonal thermocline into the deep sea. In order to test the influence of the ballast effect on CO 2 uptake of the ocean under the assumption that only fast sinking particles reach the deep sea and slow ones are respired with the seasonal thermocline we developed a four-box 5 model.…”

Section: Ecosystem Function and Sensitivity To Climate Changementioning

confidence: 93%

“…6). The enhanced summer fluxes were assumed to be caused by upwelling whereas phytoplankton blooms triggered by increased riverine nutrient inputs was suggested to explain the enhanced fluxes at the end of the rainy season (Mohtadi et al, 2009;Rixen et al, 2006;Romero et al, 2009). 15 Contrary to sediment trap experiments in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, which were conducted mainly prior to 1998 the sediment trap experiment off South Java overlaps with the "Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor" Mission (SeaWiFS) which was launched in 1997 (McClain et al, 2004).…”

Section: Organic Carbon Exportmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ballast Effect in the Indian Ocean

Rixen

Gaye

Emeis

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract. In this study, data obtained from a sediment trap experiments off South Java are analyzed and compared to satellite-derived information on primary production and data collected by deep-moored sediment traps in the Arabian Sea 10 and the Bay of Bengal. The aim was to study the relative importance of primary production and the ballast effect on the organic carbon export and the CO 2 uptake of the biological carbon pumps. Therefore, data obtained from sediment trap experiments carried out in other ocean basins were also integrated into the data analysis and a four-box model was developed. Our data showed that the organic carbon flux in the highly-productive upwelling system in the Arabian Sea was similar to those in the low productive system off South Java. Off South Java as in other river-influenced regions, lithogenic 15 matter supplied from land mainly controls the organic carbon flux via its ballast effect in sinking particles, whereas carbonate produced by marine organisms appears to be the main ballast material in the high productive regions. Since the carbonate flux tends to increase with an increasing export production, it is difficult to quantify the relative importance of productivity and the ballast effect on the organic carbon flux into the deep sea. However, the export of organic matter into the deep sea represents a loss of nutrients for the pelagic ecosystems, which needs to be balanced by mode water nutrient 20 supply into the seasonal thermocline to sustain the productivity of the pelagic system. The amount of preformed nutrients utilized during the formation of the exported organic matter strongly influences the impact of the ballast effect on the CO 2 uptake of the organic carbon pump. Accordingly, this is stronger at higher latitudes where preformed nutrients are formed than at lower latitudes where the euphotic zone is nutrient depleted. Nevertheless, the ballast effect enhances the export of organic matter into the deep sea and favors the sedimentation of organic matter in river-influenced regions. Since globally > 25 80% of organic carbon burial occurs in river-dominated systems, the lithogenic ballast is assumed to play an important role in the Earth's climate system on geological time scales.

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“…In summer, costal upwelling off Java causes the high fluxes. However, the buoyant low salinity layer that forms Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org /10.5194/bg-2018- during the rainy season reduces the input of nutrient-enriched subsurface water during the following upwelling season, which strongly ties upwelling intensity to the ENSO-influenced precipitation rates over Indonesia (Rixen et al, 2006). Primary production rates off South Java are much lower than those in the upwelling influenced western Arabian Sea (Fig.…”

Section: Organic Carbon Fluxes Into the Deep Sea 15mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4a). Since this trap site was located closer to the coast than those in 30 the Bay of Bengal, riverine nutrient discharges increase the organic carbon fluxes during the rainy season in winter (Rixen et al, 2006). In summer, costal upwelling off Java causes the high fluxes.…”

Section: Organic Carbon Fluxes Into the Deep Sea 15mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ballast Effect of Lithogenic Matter and its Influences on the Carbon Fluxes in the Indian Ocean

Rixen¹,

Gaye²,

Emeis³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. Data obtained from long-term sediment trap experiments in the Indian Ocean were analysed in conjunction with 10 satellite-derived observations and results obtained from a box model to study the influence of primary production and the ballast effect on organic carbon flux into the deep sea. The results are used to better understand the associated impacts on the CO 2 uptake of the organic carbon pump. In line with other findings derived from global data sets, our results suggest that a preferential export of organic matter in slower-sinking particles reduces the transfer efficiency of exported organic matter in high-productive systems compared with low-productive regions. The resulting enhanced respiration of organic matter 15 maintains the high nutrient availability in the surface ocean and thus the high productivity during the summer and winter bloom in the Arabian Sea. In turn, mineral ballast is essential for the transport of organic matter and nutrients into the deep sea. The additional lithogenic ballast effect can increase organic carbon fluxes by 60 %. Our model results indicate that lithogenic ballast enhances the CO 2 uptake of the organic carbon pump by increasing the amount of nutrients utilised by the organic carbon pump to bind CO 2 . By enhancing the export of organic matter into the deep sea, the ballast effect increases 20 the residence time of these nutrients in the ocean. They lose the attached CO 2 if they are introduced into the surface ocean at higher latitude, where the lack of light prevents photosynthesis in winter. Considering the impact of the lithogenic ballast effect on the organic carbon export into the deep sea and the enhanced mobilisation of lithogenic matter due to land-use changes, it is assumed that humans influence the CO 2 uptake of the organic carbon pump, which might hold relevance for the discussion about the anthropogenic CO 2 uptake of the ocean. 25

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ENSO‐driven carbon see saw in the Indo‐Pacific

Cited by 29 publications

References 25 publications

Influence of physical and biological processes on the seasonal cycle of biogenic flux in the equatorial Indian Ocean

Influence of physical and biological processes on the seasonal cycle of biogenic flux in the equatorial Indian Ocean

The Ballast Effect in the Indian Ocean

The Ballast Effect of Lithogenic Matter and its Influences on the Carbon Fluxes in the Indian Ocean

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