Enslaved rebels, fugitives, and litigants: the resistance continuum in colonial quito

History, violence and collective memory: Implications for mental health in Ecuador

“…Of course, these, and other hypotheses around Ecuadorian collective memory and historical trauma narratives require further research, and the generation of new questions. For example: A few centuries ago (1546), -after a shipwreck near what today is the Esmeraldas province -African-descendants allied with local indigenous people in a remarkable community that used violence to fiercely resist colonising intrusions into their territory (Bryant, 2004); Do contemporary non-white ethnicities remember these events? What about the white-looking mestizo or the white minority?…”

“…As argued by Fanon (2004), people under colonial oppression might feel they are ''attending a real apocalypse'' (p. 126). In Ecuadorian land, ''disoriented'' and ''depressed'' indigenous mothers even killed their own children regularly (Townsend, 2000, p. 52), while African-descendant slaves were lashed, mutilated, castrated and murdered (Bryant, 2004).…”

Afro-Peruvian Spanish

“…In the Spanish case, a good part of the Roman legal heritage had been codified in the thirteenth century under the direction of King Alfonso el Sabio in the Siete Partidas code, which had inherited -with few modificationsthe Roman legislation on slavery proceeding from the Justinian Corpus Juris Civilis. The Siete Partidas provided the legal bases for the further development of the Spanish legal system in the Americas, which gradually was adapted to the new colonial needs through the progressive promulgation of the Leyes de Indias 'Laws of the Indies' (Burns 2000). This represented a legal tradition that was absent from the majority of the other European colonial powers.…”

“…Historians working on Spanish colonial slavery were able to provide a variety of data clearly showing how captives' legal personality played a key role in providing blacks with better standards of living as well as more chances of climbing the social ladder (Watson 1989). Studies in the field are replete with documentation showing how slaves relied on the legal means available to them to fight for their own rights (Bryant 2004(Bryant , 2005. In particular, they fought for the very basic rights stipulated in the Leyes de Indias such as: not suffering from unjustified punishment, the right to have a family, and the right to own property -especially in connection with the possibility of purchasing their own freedom.…”

Racialization and “Southern” Identities of Resistance: A Psychogeography of Internal Orientalism in the United States

“…In the years since, Said and others have responded such that one can scarcely write about orientalisms or colonialisms now without foregrounding resistance (e.g., González-Cruz 1998;Morin and Berg 2001;Boehmer 2002;Duncan 2002;Given 2002;O'Loughlin 2002;Ashcroft 2004;Bryant 2004;Morrissey 2004;Murdoch 2005;Walker 2005;Carswell 2006;Goh 2007). These studies, however, generally do not explore the psychology of resistance, and it is one of the primary goals of this article to investigate the psychogeography of the resistance to (or accommodation of) internal orientalism and how this resistance relates to the production of "Southern" identities.…”