Enrichment of steroid hormones in water with porous and hydrophobic polymer‐based SPE followed by HPLC–UV determination

Abstract

There have been great concerns about the persistence of steroid hormones in surface water. Since the concentrations of these compounds in water samples are usually at a trace level, the efficient enrichment of steroid hormones is vital for further analysis. In this work, a porous and hydrophobic polymer was synthesized and characterized. The composition of solvent used as porogen in the synthetic process was shown to have an effect on the morphology of the polymer, which was successfully used as an SPE sorbent for simultaneously enriching steroid hormones in surface water samples. The recoveries of the steroid hormones on the custom-made polymer ranged from 93.4 to 106.2%, whereas those on commercialized ENVI-18, LC-18, and Oasis HLB ranged from 54.8 to 104.9, 66 to 93.6, and 77.2 to 106%, respectively. Five types of steroid hormones were simultaneously measured using HPLC-UV after they were enriched by the custom-made sorbent. Based on these findings, the SPE-HPLC method was developed. The LODs of this method for estriol, estradiol, estrone, androstenedione, progesterone were 0.07, 0.43, 0.61, 0.27, and 0.42 μg/L, respectively, while precision and reproducibility RSDs were <6.40 and 7.49%, respectively.

In‐situ preparation of porous monolithic polymer inside hollow fiber as a micro‐solid phase extraction device for glucocorticoids in cosmetics

“…Oasis HLB is a polymer adsorbent material, and it has a high adsorption capacity and a wide range of pH values. It is ideal for the extraction of hormones [41,42]. Therefore, Oasis HLB material was selected to compare with the prepared monolithic polymer extraction bars in real sample analysis.…”

Picogram-level quantification of some growth hormones in bovine urine using mixed-solvent bubble-in-drop single drop micro-extraction

“…For example, some hormones can cause obesity or sterility, while others are considered to be carcinogenic. Matrices that have been used in studies relating to the analysis of hormones include urine [5,6], blood plasma [7], hair [8,9], water [10], skin secretions [11], faeces [12] and a wide range of edible substances [4]. Analysis for hormones in animal urine is a non-invasive approach since the animal is not stressed as may be the case when blood is drawn [13], and urine is readily available on-farm or at the abattoir.…”

“…Solid phase extraction using commercially available phases and molecularly imprinted polymers have been used for the analysis of various hormones in bovine urine with LOD values of 0.17 ng mL -1 [17,18]. Additionally, solid phase extraction (SPE) with HPLC-UV techniques have been used to determine levels of steroid hormones in water, with LOD values in the 0.07-0.61 ng g -1 range for five analytes [10]. Magnetic solid phase extraction, in which magnetic nanoparticles were coated with polypyrrole, has enabled the capture of estrogenic substances in milk, which were analysed by LC-MS/MS, giving LOD values of 0.005-0.07 ng mL -1 [19].…”

Rapid preparation of methyltrimethoxy‐modified magnetic mesoporous silica as an effective solid‐phase extraction adsorbent

“…Hydrophobic interaction is one of the most frequently used and effective interactions for extracting organic compounds, and it has gained extensive applications. It is a noncovalent interaction between nonpolar molecules that is mainly based on their aggregation in aqueous solution [13,14]. Therefore, hydrophobic absorbents are generally the premise for achieving effective hydrophobic interaction in the process of SPE [14,15].…”

“…It is a noncovalent interaction between nonpolar molecules that is mainly based on their aggregation in aqueous solution [13,14]. Therefore, hydrophobic absorbents are generally the premise for achieving effective hydrophobic interaction in the process of SPE [14,15]. In addition to materials that have special hydrophobic properties such as activated carbon and carbon nanotube, the majority of hydrophobic absorbents are obtained by modifying organics on various substrates [12,15,16].…”