Enrichment of Saccharides and Divalent Cations in Sea Spray Aerosol During Two Phytoplankton Blooms

Jayarathne, Thilina; Sultana, Camille M.; Lee, Christopher; Malfatti, Francesca; Cox, Joshua L.; Pendergraft, Matthew A.; Moore, Kathryn A.; Azam, Farooq; Tivanski, Alexei V.; Cappa, Christopher D.; Bertram, Timothy H.; Grassian, Vicki H.; Prather, Kimberly A.; Stone, Elizabeth A.

doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b02988

Cited by 109 publications

(240 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Colocated measurements of oligo/polysaccharides showed that saccharides were enriched in SSAs during IMPACTS, representing roughly 11% and 27% of the fine (D a < 2.5 μm) and coarse (2.5 < D a < 10 μm) organic mass. 53 Furthermore, the C*OH transition was observed to be enhanced in fine particles during the second bloom; concurrently, a maximum of saccharides in SSAs relative to seawater were observed by Jayarathne et al 53 Spectral deconvolution was performed for standard compounds to demonstrate the ability of NEXAFS to identify biologically relevant molecules ( Figure S9). Sodium alginate, galactose, and N-acetylglucosamine are common saccharides that contain the alcohol functionality.…”

Section: Acs Earth and Space Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 95%

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Biological Impacts on Carbon Speciation and Morphology of Sea Spray Aerosol

Pham

O’Brien

Fraund

et al. 2017

ACS Earth Space Chem.

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Sea spray aerosol (SSA) can have complex carbon speciation that is affected by biological conditions in the seawater from which it originates. Biologically derived molecules can also interact with other longer-lived organic and inorganic carbon species in the sea surface microlayer and in the process of bubble bursting. An isolated wave channel facility was used to generate sea spray aerosol during a 1 month mesocosm study. Two consecutive phytoplankton blooms occurred, and sea spray aerosol was sampled throughout. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy coupled with near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (STXM-NEXAFS) was used to determine spatially resolved carbon speciation within individual particles from 0.18 to 3.2 μm. During phytoplankton blooms, coarse-mode particles exhibited an increased abundance of carboxylic acid-rich needlelike structures. The extent of organic enrichment in fine-mode particles correlates with the occurrence of aliphatic-rich organic species, as detected by an intense C 1s → σ(C−H)* excitation. These aliphatic-rich species had a strong association with graphitic carbon, as detected by a C 1s → σ* exciton excitation. This enrichment was unique to particles collected in the aerodynamic size range 0.18−0.32 μm and corresponded with the decrease in hygroscopicity. Aliphatic organics can significantly suppress the particle hygroscopicity when they replace salt, thus influencing the effect of sea spray aerosol on light scattering and cloud formation. These results suggest that graphitic carbon is concentrated in the sea surface microlayer during phytoplankton blooms and released through wave action. These results may have implications for radiative transfer and carbon cycling in the ocean−atmosphere system.

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Section: Acs Earth and Space Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The results here demonstrate that the spectral deconvolution provides a reasonable estimation of the relative trends for the saccharide and amide contributions that is consistent with other studies of SSA. 16,53 3.4. Organic Volume Fractions (OVFs).…”

Section: Acs Earth and Space Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Impacts on Carbon Speciation and Morphology of Sea Spray Aerosol

Pham

O’Brien

Fraund

et al. 2017

ACS Earth Space Chem.

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“…Mean enrichment factors for major ions demonstrate significant enrichment in fine SSA for K þ (1.3), Mg 2þ (1.4), and Ca 2þ (1.7), likely because of their interactions with organic matter. [5] The significant enrichment of Ca 2þ was observed in submicrometre SSA particles when particles were generated both from seawater sources in the laboratory and from ambient aerosol samples. [17] Investigations into the role of ions in SSA indicate that cations such as Mg 2þ and Ca 2þ can enhance organic species at the interface, which has implications for the surface packing of organic molecules and subsequent interfacial reactivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…[2][3][4] The ocean represents a major source of primary aerosols; an estimated 2À100 Â 10 15 g of SSA is emitted from the ocean each year. [5] SSA is a globally important source of particulate matter, although its effect on the atmosphere is largely undetermined. [6] The composition of aerosols in the marine boundary layer has been extensively studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of anions on the surface organisation of lipid monolayers at the air–water interface

Wang

2017

Environ. Chem.

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Environmental context. Lipids released from lysis of phytoplankton cells are enriched in the sea surface microlayer. Such surface-active organics can be transferred through bursting bubbles to sea-spray aerosols where they can influence atmospheric chemistry. The results presented here suggest that phospholipids combine more readily with SO 4 2À than with Br À , leading to enrichment of organic-coated sulfate salts in marine aerosols.Abstract. Inorganic salts and organic matter are known to be present at higher levels in the sea surface microlayer and marine aerosols; however, the impact of common anions on their surface properties is not well understood. Here, a 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) monolayer was enriched with the sodium and ammonium salts of different anions (Br À , Cl À , NO 3 À , SO 4 2À , CH 3 COO À , and HCO 3 À ), and the effects on the surface properties of the monolayer were investigated. The monolayer phase behaviour and the structure of the lipid phases were studied by surface pressure-area (p-A) isotherms and infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS). The presence of salts in the subphase was found to increase the surface pressure of the DPPC monolayer at a fixed area per molecule. The effect of the anions follows the order of the Hofmeister series. The higher concentration of salt solution caused the p-A isotherm to shift to larger area. The IRRAS spectra demonstrate that the ordering of the DPPC molecules in the liquid condensed phase remains essentially unaffected, even at higher electrolyte concentrations. DPPC molecules combined with SO 4 2À could be transferred from the ocean to sea spray aerosol. The present study finds that the anions have significant influence on the surface organisation and, consequently, the interfacial properties, of the surface-active species at the air-water interface, a finding that has further implications for atmospheric aerosol nucleation.

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“…Some authors still conclude that it is important to monitor the fluoride levels in the environment, especially because the main amount of fluoride comes from natural resources. For example, biomass burning may represent a major source of fluoride, in a form of fine particles which can be transported far away from the emitter [Jayarathne et al 2016; Weinstein and Davison 2003]. Years of research in fluoride have documented that this element accumulates in plants mostly from air pollution and it is absorbed directly through leaves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Fluoride and Bentonite on Biochemical Aspects of Oxidative Stress in Pisum sativum L.

Śnioszek¹,

Telesiński²,

Smolik³

et al. 2018

J. Ecol. Eng.

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Fluoride is regarded as one of the strongest oxidants, which causes oxidative changes in cells of living organisms. It may both increase the content of reactive oxygen species and inhibit the activity of antioxidative enzyme. In recent years, many researchers successfully used the properties of clay minerals in the sorption of fluoride ion from water. This raises the question of the possibility of limiting the effect of fluorine on the negative changes in plants by adding bentonite to soil. A two-year pot experiment was carried out in the Greenhouse of West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, on loamy sand and sandy loam. Each sample of soil was mixed with three different concentrations of bentonite -1, 5, 10% of dry weight (DW) of the soil and then treated with 30 mmol of F -per 1 kg of dry weight of the soil in a form of NaF solution. A control series was prepared for each soil, to which no additives were added. The medium prepared in such way was transferred to plastic pots (3 kg each) and seeded with 16 pea seeds of Pisum sativum. In three phases of pea development (4 leaves unfolded, flowering and development of fruit), fresh leaf samples were collected and the concentrations of ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione, total flavonoids and total polyphenols were measured. Sodium fluoride introduced to the soil changed the level of antioxidant parameters in the plant, which may suggest that fluoride is involved in the formation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress. Bentonite in a dosage of 10% reduced the toxic effects of fluoride on the oxidative balance and morphological changes in the plant, which was observed especially for loamy sand, naturally poor in clay minerals.

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Enrichment of Saccharides and Divalent Cations in Sea Spray Aerosol During Two Phytoplankton Blooms

Cited by 109 publications

References 84 publications

Biological Impacts on Carbon Speciation and Morphology of Sea Spray Aerosol

Biological Impacts on Carbon Speciation and Morphology of Sea Spray Aerosol

Impact of anions on the surface organisation of lipid monolayers at the air–water interface

Effect of Fluoride and Bentonite on Biochemical Aspects of Oxidative Stress in Pisum sativum L.

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