Enrichment of perfluoroalkyl substances in the sea-surface microlayer and sea-spray aerosols in the Southern Ocean

Casas, Gemma; Martinez-Varela, Alícia; Roscales, José L.; Vila‐Costa, Maria; Dachs, Jordi; Jiménez, Begoña

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115512

Cited by 57 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…So the differences in concentrations are small in terms of bulk DOC. In Antarctica, several works have reported the enrichment of hydrophobic pollutants in the Southern Ocean SML, such as for n-alkanes, PAHs, PCBs, PFAS and phthalates (Cincinelli et al, 2005;Stortini et al, 2009;Casas et al, 2020). A recent work for the Arctic ocean (Chance et al, 2018), did find a specific enrichment of surfactantlike substances in the SML, but not of the total pool of DOC.…”

Section: Structure Of Bacterioneuston and Bacterioplankton Communitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PFAS analysis was performed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) based on an established method with minor modifications (González-Gaya et al, 2014). Details of methods and results of PFAS in the SML and SSL are reported and discussed elsewhere (Casas et al, 2020) and used here when needed.…”

Section: Perfluoroalkyl Compounds Extraction and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PFAS are organic synthetic compounds globally distributed by oceanic currents and by atmospheric transport through marine aerosols and deposition (Casal et al, 2017). PFAS were measured for the same set of samples than bacterioneuston (Casas et al, 2020). Thanks to their amphiphilic nature, PFAS have surfactant properties.…”

Section: Characterization Of the Sampling Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, PFAS have been shown to accumulate in planktonic organisms (Casal et al, 2017) due to their hydrophobicity. PFAS also accumulate in the SML (Casas et al, 2020). Surfactants have often been used as surrogates of the occurrence of the SML and its stability (Biffinger et al, 2004;Ju et al, 2008), thus we took PFAS as proxy of a developed SML enriched in ADOC.…”

Section: Characterization Of the Sampling Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The diffusive atmosphere-ocean exchange and snow deposition are the main sources of not only semivolatile OP, such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyls (Galbán-Malagón et al, 2013;Casal et al, 2018Casal et al, , 2019, but also other hydrophobic and surfactant-like OPs such as perfluoroalkylsubstances (Casal et al, 2017). All these OP become part of the anthropogenic dissolved organic carbon (ADOC) (Vila-Costa et al, 2020) pool, which due to its hydrophobic and surfactant-like properties is enriched in the SML (Cincinelli et al, 2005;Stortini et al, 2009;Casas et al, 2020). The accumulation of ADOC and other surfactant-like organic matter is driven by rising bubbles with chemicals accumulated at the airwater interface and by ADOC attachment to buoyant particles from subsurface waters (Hunter, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Large Enrichment of Anthropogenic Organic Matter Degrading Bacteria in the Sea-Surface Microlayer at Coastal Livingston Island (Antarctica)

et al. 2020

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The composition of bacteria inhabiting the sea-surface microlayer (SML) is poorly characterized globally and yet undescribed for the Southern Ocean, despite their relevance for the biogeochemistry of the surface ocean. We report the abundances and diversity of bacteria inhabiting the SML and the subsurface waters (SSL) determined from a unique sample set from a polar coastal ecosystem (Livingston Island, Antarctica). From early to late austral summer (January-March 2018), we consistently found a higher abundance of bacteria in the SML than in the SSL. The SML was enriched in some Gammaproteobacteria genus such as Pseudoalteromonas, Pseudomonas, and Colwellia, known to degrade a wide range of semivolatile, hydrophobic, and surfactant-like organic pollutants. Hydrocarbons and other synthetic chemicals including surfactants, such as perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), reach remote marine environments by atmospheric transport and deposition and by oceanic currents, and are known to accumulate in the SML. Relative abundances of specific SMLenriched bacterial groups were significantly correlated to concentrations of PFASs, taken as a proxy of hydrophobic anthropogenic pollutants present in the SML and its stability. Our observations provide evidence for an important pollutant-bacteria interaction in the marine SML. Given that pollutant emissions have increased during the Anthropocene, our results point to the need to assess chemical pollution as a factor modulating marine microbiomes in the contemporaneous and future oceans.

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Section: Structure Of Bacterioneuston and Bacterioplankton Communitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Perfluoroalkyl Compounds Extraction and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characterization Of the Sampling Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characterization Of the Sampling Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Large Enrichment of Anthropogenic Organic Matter Degrading Bacteria in the Sea-Surface Microlayer at Coastal Livingston Island (Antarctica)

et al. 2020

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Comparison of surface freshwater PFAS sampling methods to evaluate potential for bias due to PFAS enrichment in the surface microlayer

Roark,

Wilson‐Fallon,

Struse

et al. 2024

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) accumulate at the air–water interface of the surface microlayer (SML) on marine and freshwater bodies. In order to determine if including the SML when sampling bulk surface water leads to a high bias in measured PFAS concentrations, a pilot study and a full field study were conducted. The pilot study conducted at two sites was aimed at determining the analytical precision and small‐scale (~1 m) spatial variability in concentrations of PFAS in bulk water and the SML. The full field study was performed at 11 sites, where three commonly used bulk surface water sampling methods were compared: (1) a peristaltic pump with tubing that excludes the SML, (2) a fully submerged sample bottle that excludes the SML, and (3) a partially submerged sample bottle that allows inclusion of the SML. The SML was sampled using the glass plate method. The samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The pilot study indicated that sampling variation was greater than analytical variation (although Levene's tests indicated that the differences were not statistically significant) and that relatively small differences in the mean concentration among sampling methods could be detected. The full investigation indicated that there was no evidence of high bias of PFAS concentrations in bulk surface water resulting from inclusion of SML using the partially submerged bottle sampling method. Unexpectedly, there was evidence that samples collected using the partially submerged bottle had slightly lower PFAS concentrations, particularly for less hydrophobic PFAS, than bulk water samples that excluded the SML. Additionally, the PFAS enrichment factor in the SML increased with increasing retention time, although the increase was not evident at all sampling sites for all PFAS. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;1–12. © 2024 SETAC

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Toxicity of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) toward embryonic stages of mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus)

Gebreab

Benetti²,

Grosell³

et al. 2022

Ecotoxicology

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Per uoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are highly persistent organic pollutants that have been detected in a wide array of environmental matrices and, in turn, biota including humans and wildlife wherein they have been associated with a multitude of toxic, and otherwise adverse effects, including ecosystem impacts. In the present study, we developed a toxicity assay for embryonic stages of mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus), as an environmentally relevant pelagic sh species, and applied this assay to the evaluation of the toxicity of "legacy" and "next-generation" PFAS including, respectively, per uorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and several per uoroethercarboxylic acids (PFECA). Acute embryotoxicity, in the form of lethality, was measured for all ve PFAS toward mahi-mahi embryos with median lethal concentrations (LC 50 ) in the micromolar range. Consistent with studies in other similar model systems, and speci cally the zebra sh, embryotoxicity in mahi-mahi generally (1) correlated with uoroalkyl chain length and hydrophobicity, i.e., log P, of PFAS, and thus, aligned with a role of uptake in the relative toxicity; and (2) increased with continuous exposure, suggesting a possible role of developmental stage speci cally including a contribution of hatching (and loss of protective chorion) and/or differentiation of target systems (e.g., liver). Compared to prior studies in the zebra sh embryo model, mahi-mahi was signi cantly more sensitive to PFAS which may be related to differences in either exposure conditions (e.g., salinity) and uptake, or possibly differential susceptibility of relevant targets, for the two species. Moreover, when considered in the context of the previously reported concentration of PFAS within upper sea surface layers, and co-localization of buoyant eggs (i.e., embryos) and other early developmental stages (i.e., larvae, juveniles) of pelagic sh species to the sea surface, the observed toxicity potentially aligns with environmentally relevant concentrations in these marine systems. Thus, impacts on ecosystems including, in particular, population recruitment are a possibility. The present study is the rst to demonstrate embryotoxicity of PFAS in a pelagic marine sh species, and suggests that mahi-mahi represents a potentially informative, and moreover, environmentally relevant, ecotoxicological model for PFAS in marine systems.

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Enrichment of perfluoroalkyl substances in the sea-surface microlayer and sea-spray aerosols in the Southern Ocean

Cited by 57 publications

References 49 publications

Large Enrichment of Anthropogenic Organic Matter Degrading Bacteria in the Sea-Surface Microlayer at Coastal Livingston Island (Antarctica)

Large Enrichment of Anthropogenic Organic Matter Degrading Bacteria in the Sea-Surface Microlayer at Coastal Livingston Island (Antarctica)

Comparison of surface freshwater PFAS sampling methods to evaluate potential for bias due to PFAS enrichment in the surface microlayer

Toxicity of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) toward embryonic stages of mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus)

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