Enriching the functionally graded materials (FGM) ontology for digital manufacturing

Abstract

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) have been used in many different kinds of applications in recent years and have attracted significant research attention. However, we do not yet have a commonly accepted way of representing the various aspects of FGMs. Lack of standardized vocabulary creates obstacles to the extraction of useful information relating to pertinent aspects of different applications. A standard resource is needed for describing various elements of FGMs, including existing applications, manufacturing techniques, and material characteristics. This motivated the creation of the FGM Ontology (FGMO) in 2016. Here, we present a revised and expanded version of the FGM Ontology, which includes enrichments along four dimensions: (1) documenting recent FGMs applications; (2) reorganizing the framework to incorporate an updated representation of types of manufacturing processes; (3) enriching the axioms of the ontology; and (4) importing midlevel ontologies from the Common Core Ontologies (CCO) and Product Life Cycle (PLC) Ontologies. The work is being carried out within the framework of the Industry Ontology Foundry (IOF), and the ontology is conformant to Basic Formal Ontology (BFO).

Functional Gradient Metallic Biomaterials: Techniques, Current Scenery, and Future Prospects in the Biomedical Field

“…The FGM concept was first introduced during the 1980s by Japanese scholars, whose main goal was the reduction of thermal stresses in metallic-composite materials utilized in reusable rocket engines (Koizumi and Niino, 1995). Nowadays, there are lots of studies devoted to FGM design (Mohd Ali et al, 2020). Over time, the benefits of this concept were realized in the modern biomedical and tissue engineering field because one of the characteristics of living tissues and natural structures is their functional gradation that can be seen in bone (Wegst et al, 2015), the wings of various insects (Appel et al, 2015), fish armor (Zimmermann et al, 2013), gecko skin (Arzt, 2006;Jagnandan et al, 2014), etc.…”