Enriched H3K4me3 marks at Pm-0 resistance-related genes prime courgette against <i>Podosphaera xanthii</i>

Margaritopoulou, Theoni; Kizis, Dimosthenis; Kotopoulis, Dimitrios; Papadakis, Ioannis; Anagnostopoulos, Christos; Baira, Eirini; Termentzi, Aikaterini; Vichou, Aikaterini-Eleni; Leifert, Carlo; Markellou, Emilia

doi:10.1093/plphys/kiab453

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…However, substantial scientific research effort into the impacts of organic farming on soil, crop and environmental "health" parameters only started around 30 years ago, when consumer demand and the introduction of legally binding organic farming standards resulted in a substantial expansion of organic production [1][2][3][4]. These studies demonstrated a range of benefits of organic farming on soil and crop "health" parameters, including (i) higher soil carbon and organic matter levels, biological activity and biodiversity, suppressiveness against diseases and erosion resistance, and (ii) increased resistance of organic crops against biotrophic soil-borne and foliar fungal diseases [51,63,[77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][236][237][238][239][240]. Organic farming was also reported to reduce negative environmental impacts of agricultural production, including (i) lower nitrate leaching, (ii) phosphorus run-off and (iii) greenhouse gas emissions per ha of farmland [237][238][239][240].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Elicitors permitted for use in organic farming are produced from plant extracts or organic waste materials, and are primarily used for the control of seed-borne [103,104], soil-borne [83,84,91] and foliar diseases [51,[91][92][93][105][106][107]. The main compounds currently available and used by commercial organic farmers are:…”

Section: Elicitors Of Crop Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chitin (a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, which is a primary component of fungal cell walls and the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans) is mainly produced from the shells of shrimps and other crustaceans; Soil and foliar chitin/chitosan, and foliar Giant knotweed extract treatments were shown to induce salicylic acid-dependent defense responses in plants, which includes the increased expression of phenolics and other phytochemicals with antioxidant activity in crop plants [51,[91][92][93]107]. For example, the large difference in antioxidant activity between organic and conventional spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and onion observed in Japan [91] was linked to (i) 500 kg chitosan/ha being incorporated into the soil before planting, and (ii) crops being sprayed regularly with a 0.01% chitosan solution during the growing season (Figure 5).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Integrated Soil and Crop Management in Organic Agriculture: A Logical Framework to Ensure Food Quality and Human Health?

et al. 2021

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The environmental and biodiversity benefits of organic farming are widely recognized, but there is still controversy about the effects of organic production methods on the nutritional composition of food and human health. In the first part of this article therefore, we critically review the evidence that organic farming methods improve the nutritional quality of food crops. Moreover, we summarize our current understanding of how quality gains are linked to the implementation of the “innovations” introduced into conventional crop production during the intensification or “green revolution” of agriculture over the last 100 years. In the second part of the article, we critically review the evidence for the range of health benefits related to organic food consumption. Specifically, we describe and discuss the results from: (i) dietary intervention studies which have found that organic food consumption substantially reduces pesticide exposure in humans and affects feed intake, growth, hormone balances and immune system responsiveness in animal models; (ii) human cohort/epidemiological studies which have reported significant positive associations between organic food consumption and the lower incidence of a range of diseases including obesity, metabolic syndrome, cancer, hypospadias, pre-eclampsia, eczema and middle ear infections in infants; (iii) interactions and trade-offs between diet (e.g., whole-grain, fruit and vegetables and reduced red-meat consumption) and food types (organic versus conventional) concerning public health and future food security. The article also identifies knowledge gaps and highlights the need for (i) long-term, factorial field experiments to understand the relative effects of agronomic and pedoclimatic drivers on crop quality and safety, and (ii) clinical trials and additional human cohort studies to confirm the positive health outcomes linked to organic food consumption. The main conclusions from our review are that there is growing evidence that (i) agricultural intensification has resulted in a reduction in the nutritional quality of food and the sustainability of food production, and (ii) organic farming practices not only improve food quality and human health, but also food security. This is particularly true where current nutritional guidelines (increasing whole-grain, fruit and vegetable products, while reducing red-meat consumption) are implemented.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Elicitors Of Crop Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Integrated Soil and Crop Management in Organic Agriculture: A Logical Framework to Ensure Food Quality and Human Health?

et al. 2021

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“…This is thought to be linked to the different functions and regulation of phenolic and tocopherols (=tocopherol and tocotrienol isomers) in plants. Specifically phenolic compounds (many of which were shown to have antimicrobial activity), which are part of the constitutive and inducible plant resistance response against attack by pathogens and pests [41,42] and their synthesis is known to be down-regulated in crop plants by high N-availability [6,43]. In contrast, the known roles of tocopherols include reduction of oxidative stress, maintainance membrane stability and intracellular signalling, and they are also thought to be involved in cyclic electron transport around photosystem II [44,45].…”

Section: Nutritional Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Clover Sward Management on Nitrogen Fixation and Performance of Following Spring- and Winter Wheat Crops; Results of a 3-Year Pilot Study

Wilkinson

Wilkinson²,

Shotton

et al. 2022

Agronomy

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Wheat yields in organic production are significantly lower than those achieved in conventional farming systems and in Northern Europe organic farmers also struggle to achieve the processing quality levels demanded by millers and bakers, especially in winter-wheat crops. Here, we report the findings of a 3-year pilot study which investigated the potential of increasing grain yields and both standard processing (e.g., grain protein levels and specific weights) and selected nutritional (tocopherol and tocotrienol isomers) quality parameters via (i) changes in the management of clover crops grown before wheat (Rhizobium seed inoculation, application of greenwaste compost to clover swards) and (ii) use of new varieties developed in both the UK and continental Europe. Results indicate that the use of compost amendment to preceding clover swards significantly increased the grain protein levels in the three winter-wheat, but not the four spring-wheat varieties, and also significantly increases grain yields in one winter-wheat variety (Greina). In contrast, the use of Rhizobium-inoculation was found to significantly reduce protein concentrations in the winter-, but not spring wheat varieties, and had no significant effect on grain yields in both winter and spring wheat. However, analysis of variance detected significant interactions between Rhizobium seed inocula in clover pre-crops and (a) compost application for grain specific weights in winter-wheat and grain hardness in spring wheat crops and (b) variety for grain protein content in spring wheat crops. No significant effect of clover pre-crop management on tocopherol and tocotrienol isomer profiles could be detected, although significant differences between varieties were detected in both winter and spring wheat. Results of this pilot study need to be confirmed in future trials, but indicate that both (a) changes in clover-management practices and (b) the selections of wheat varieties that are more suitable for organic farming systems has the potential to increase grain yield and allow organic farmers to more frequently achieve baking or milling grade quality.

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“…There is mounting evidence that N availability not only affects plant growth and crop yield, but also the expression of resistance mechanisms and nutritional quality parameters in crops [ 1 ]. Specifically, phenolic compounds, which have anti-microbial activity, are a component of both constitutive and salicylic acid (SA)-inducible systemic resistance mechanisms in plants and it has been shown that increasing N availability to plants significantly reduces the concentrations of phenolic compounds and resistance against a range of biotrophic diseases in a dose-dependent manner [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Phenolics are also the main phytochemical group with antioxidant activity in crops whereby increased dietary intake of phenolics/antioxidants has been linked to human health benefits, including a reduced risk of cancer, type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease [ 1 , 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breeding Bread-Making Wheat Varieties for Organic Farming Systems: The Need to Target Productivity, Robustness, Resource Use Efficiency and Grain Quality Traits

Rempelos

Wang

Sufar

et al. 2023

Foods

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Agronomic protocols (rotation, tillage, fertilization and crop protection) commonly used in organic and conventional crop production differ significantly and there is evidence that modern varieties developed for conventional high-input farming systems do not have the combination of traits required for optimum performance in organic farming systems. Specifically, there is evidence that prohibition on the use of water-soluble, mineral N, P and K fertilizers and synthetic pesticide inputs in organic farming results in a need to revise both breeding and selection protocols. For organic production systems, the focus needs to be on the following: (i) traits prioritized by organic farmers such as high nutrient use efficiency from organic fertilizer inputs, competitiveness against weeds, and pest and disease resistance, (ii) processing quality parameters defined by millers and bakers and (iii) nutritional quality parameters demanded by organic consumers. In this article, we review evidence from variety trials and factorial field experiments that (i) studied to what extent there is a need for organic farming focused breeding programs, (ii) investigated which traits/trait combinations should be targeted in these breeding programs and/or (iii) compared the performance of modern varieties developed for the conventional sector with traditional/older varieties favored by organic farmers and/or new varieties developed in organic farming focused breeding programs. Our review focuses on wheat because there have been organic and/or low-input farming focused wheat breeding programs for more than 20 years in Europe, which has allowed the performance of varieties/genotypes from organic/low-input and conventional farming focused breeding programs to be compared.

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Enriched H3K4me3 marks at Pm-0 resistance-related genes prime courgette against Podosphaera xanthii

Cited by 4 publications

References 67 publications

Integrated Soil and Crop Management in Organic Agriculture: A Logical Framework to Ensure Food Quality and Human Health?

Integrated Soil and Crop Management in Organic Agriculture: A Logical Framework to Ensure Food Quality and Human Health?

Effect of Clover Sward Management on Nitrogen Fixation and Performance of Following Spring- and Winter Wheat Crops; Results of a 3-Year Pilot Study

Breeding Bread-Making Wheat Varieties for Organic Farming Systems: The Need to Target Productivity, Robustness, Resource Use Efficiency and Grain Quality Traits

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