Enriched Astaxanthin Extract from Haematococcus pluvialis Augments Growth Factor Secretions to Increase Cell Proliferation and Induces MMP1 Degradation to Enhance Collagen Production in Human Dermal Fibroblasts

Abstract

Among many antioxidants that are used for the repairing of oxidative stress induced skin damages, we identified the enriched astaxanthin extract (EAE) from Haematococcus pluvialis as a viable ingredient. EAE was extracted from the red microalgae through supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction. To compare the effectiveness, EAE wastreated on human dermal fibroblasts with other components, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and doxycycline. With sirius red staining and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), we found that PMA decreased the collagen concentration and production while overall the addition of doxycycline and EAE increased the collagen concentration in a trial experiments. EAE increased collagen contents through inhibited MMP1 and MMP3 mRNA expression and induced TIMP1, the antagonists of MMPs protein, gene expression. As for when tested for various proteins through western blotting, it was seen that the addition of EAE increased the expression of certain proteins that promote cell proliferation. Testing those previous solutions using growth factor assay, it was noticeable that EAE had a positive impact on cell proliferation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) than doxycycline, indicating that it was a better alternative treatment for collagen production. To sum up, the data confirmed the possible applications as medical cosmetology agentsand food supplements.

Reversing UVB‐induced photoaging with Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx aqueous extract

“…Matrix metalloproteinases are enzymes activated by UV exposure or inflammation. They contribute to the breakdown of collagen while inhibiting new collagen formation . We confirmed that the upregulation of TIMP‐1 might contribute to the declining of MMP‐1 and ‐3 expressions..…”

“…Nevertheless, during times of environmental stress, such as ultraviolet B (UVB) or heat exposure, the ROS level increases strongly, resulting in considerable damage to cellular functions and structures. In the current studies it was demonstrated that the accumulation of ROS decreased organism salubrity because the oxidative damage was a contributor to the senescence . Aging is a natural process for everyone, evoking various diseases, and skin is highly responsive to photo‐aging due to oxidative stress created by ROS .…”

“…It is the first defense against physical and chemical damage and microbial infections. Its physiological functions play important roles in retaining water, secreting sweat, sensing pain, regenerating dermal tissues, and regulating body temperature . Human skin comprises three layers, namely epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.…”

“…Its physiological functions play important roles in retaining water, secreting sweat, sensing pain, regenerating dermal tissues, and regulating body temperature. 1 Human skin comprises three layers, namely epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is located on the outermost surface, and the hypodermis is in the lower part.…”

Antioxidative and Antimelanoma Effects of Various Tea Extracts via a Green Extraction Method

“…Antioxidative compounds derived from natural plant species may help keep human skin at a physiologically healthy state by decreasing oxidative stress [1]. By reducing oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidative compounds can prevent ROS-induced skin damage [2].…”