Enlarged interlayer spacing and enhanced capacitive behavior of a carbon anode for superior potassium storage

Shi, Xiaodong; Zhang, Yida; Gong, Xu; Guo, Shan; Pan, Anqiang

doi:10.1016/j.scib.2020.07.001

Cited by 54 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…In the past few years, significant advances have been made in the development of anode materials, such as carbonaceous materials (graphite, graphene, and hard/soft carbon), [17,[25][26][27][28] black phosphorus, [29] metal (Sb and Bi), [30] and metal oxides (K 2 Ti 4 O 9 and K 2 Ti 8 O 17 ), [31] which considerably promote the progress of PIBs. However, the exploration of PIB cathodes seriously lags behind that of anodes because it is still challenging to develop suitable host materials with stable electrochemical cycling performance to accommodate the larger K + ions.…”

Section: Practical Requirements and Current Status Of Cathode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and Strategies toward Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Potassium‐Ion Batteries

2021

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Li resources, together with its growing depletion, has seriously hindered the sustainable development of LIBs. [6] In recent years, enormous effort has been devoted to developing alternative EES technologies, especially sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs), owing to the similar chemical properties of Na, K, and Li, [6] and the high abundance and accessibility of Na and K. Figure 1a shows the physical properties and economic indicators of Li, Na, and K carrier ions for rechargeable batteries. The ranking of Li, Na, and K according to their natural abundance in the crust is 27th (0.0017 wt%), 6th (2.36 wt%), and 7th (2.09 wt%), [7] respectively. In particular, PIBs are more attractive because the redox potential versus the standard hydrogen electrode of K + /K (−2.93 V) is lower than that of Na + /Na (−2.71 V) and closer to that of Li + /Li (−3.04 V) in aqueous electrolytes. [8,9] Moreover, both theoretical and experimental studies have revealed that the K/K + couple exhibits a low reduction potential compared with Na/Na + and even Li/Li + in nonaqueous electrolytes (e.g., KPF 6 -ethylene carbonate [EC]/propylene carbonate [PC]). [10,11] The weaker Lewis acidity of K + relative to Li + or Na + favors a smaller Stokes radius of solvated ions, [12] which facilitates faster ion mobility and higher ion conductivity, thereby improving the rate performance of PIBs. [13] As illustrated in Figure 1b, potassium plating takes place at a lower potential for PIBs compared with LIBs and SIBs, thus providing a greater possibility to achieve a wider electrochemical voltage window. [14] These findings, in principle, give rise to a higher energy density for PIBs. [15] More strikingly, PIBs benefit from the fact that K + can be electrochemically inserted into graphite (like Li + ) to form graphite intercalation compounds (KC 8 ) with a theoretical capacity of ≈279 mAh g −1 ; [16][17][18] thus, PIBs have great potential for commercial applications. These characteristics make PIBs an exciting alternative or complementary energy storage candidate to the present LIBs.Nevertheless, although the pioneering study on the K-intercalation reaction can be traced back to 2004, [19] the development of PIBs is less satisfactory owing to the difficulty in finding suitable host materials with acceptable electrochemical performance. This difficulty arises mostly from the large atomic radius (1.38 Å) of K + , [8] which considerably reduces With increasing demand for grid-scale energy storage, potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have emerged as promising complements or alternatives to commercial lithium-ion batteries owing to the low cost, natural abundance of potassium resources, the low standard reduction potential of potassium, and fascinating K + transport kinetics in the electrolyte. However, the low energy density and unstable cycle life of cathode materials hamper their practical application. Therefore, cathode materials with high capacities, high redox potentials, and good structural stability are required with the advance...

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Section: Practical Requirements and Current Status Of Cathode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and Strategies toward Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Potassium‐Ion Batteries

2021

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“…As a contrast, S‐CNSs, N‐CNSs and CNSs electrodes rendered rather poor rate capabilities of 365, 150 and 132 mAh g −1 when the current density recovered to 0.1 A g −1 (Figures S8–S10), respectively. More importantly, such a shocking rate performance of SN‐CNSs is superior to most of the reported carbonaceous anodes for PIBs (Figure 3d, Table S1), reflecting the most notable capability in driving highly‐powered devices for SN‐CNSs electrode to date [31,37–52] …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Sulfur/Nitrogen Co‐Doped In‐Plane Porous Carbon Nanosheets as Superior Anode of Potassium‐Ion Batteries

Zhong

et al. 2022

Batteries & Supercaps

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Carbonaceous materials are regarded as prospective anode candidates of potassium‐ion batteries. However, the rate capability and cycling stability of classic carbon materials are still far from satisfactory. Herein, we exploit a facile and low‐cost strategy to enable the precise synthesis of sulfur/nitrogen co‐doped in‐plane porous carbon nanosheets with fishnet‐shaped microstructure (SN‐CNSs). The well‐designed in‐plane porous structure and the interconnected carbon flake network can accelerate the diffusion of potassium ions, alleviate volume expansion, and provide sufficient active sites. As a result, the SN‐CNSs deliver an impressively reversible capacity of 248 mAh g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 after 4500 cycles, and an excellent rate capacity of 137.3 mAh g−1 after 4000 cycles under 5 A g−1. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further verify the advantage of S/N co‐doping in the adsorption/diffusion of K‐ion in SN‐CNSs materials. Such an excellent performance shows that SN‐CNSs possess a great potential to be a superior anode of potassium‐ion batteries.

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“…The larger lattice spacing could be contributed to the heteroatom doping into the frameworks of carbon materials, which was conducive to ions diffusion, and improved the electrochemical properties of the material. 31 The elemental mapping of C, N, P, S indicated that the heteroatoms were uniformly doped into the carbon material (Fig. 1f and g) owing to the self-doping effect in the presence of N, P and S elements in the phosphoronitrile polymer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

N, P, and S co-doped 3D porous carbon-architectured cathode for high-performance Zn-ion hybrid capacitors

et al. 2022

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Enlarged interlayer spacing and enhanced capacitive behavior of a carbon anode for superior potassium storage

Cited by 54 publications

References 65 publications

Challenges and Strategies toward Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Potassium‐Ion Batteries

Challenges and Strategies toward Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Potassium‐Ion Batteries

Sulfur/Nitrogen Co‐Doped In‐Plane Porous Carbon Nanosheets as Superior Anode of Potassium‐Ion Batteries

N, P, and S co-doped 3D porous carbon-architectured cathode for high-performance Zn-ion hybrid capacitors

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