Enhancing the Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Red Mud

Salman, Ali Dawood; Juzsakova, Tatjána; Rédey, Ákos; Cuong, Le Phuoc; Nguyen, Xuan Cuong; Domokos, Endre; Abdullah, Thamer Adnan; Vágvölgyi, Veronika; Chang, Soon-Woong; Nguyen, Dinh Duc

doi:10.1002/ceat.202100223

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Hydrochloric acid leaching showed the highest REE extraction rate compared with other acids. Because the different ionic radii of the REE from minerals, they do not show similar leaching rates in specific environments [ 30 , 137 , 138 ].…”

Section: Recovery Of Scandium From the Bauxite Waste (Red Mud)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the acid leaching and solvent extraction procedure, Li and collaborators explored the feasibility and mechanism of recovering Sc from a Sc-rich material. They observed that H 3 PO 4 outperformed HCl, H 2 SO 4 , and HNO 3 in separating Sc from impurities [ 30 ]. It was also shown that if H 3 PO 4 concentration was 6–8 mol/L and the leaching temperature was 120–140 °C, the leaching period was 60–90 min and the L/S ratio was 10–12 mL/g, the leaching of Sc approached 90%.…”

Section: Recovery Of Scandium From the Bauxite Waste (Red Mud)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hydrometallurgical units, like leaching and separation, that dissolve the contents of scandium into the aqueous phase and recover it by different separation methods appear to be promising [ 1 , 29 , 30 ]. During the production of other metals, such as Ti, W, U, Al, Ni, Tl, and Nb, and dusts in magneto-vana-ilmenite, chlorination, and tungsten residues refinery and red mud, scandium has been recovered from residues, tailings, and liquid waste [ 31 , 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scandium Recovery Methods from Mining, Metallurgical Extractive Industries, and Industrial Wastes

et al. 2022

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The recovery of scandium (Sc) from wastes and various resources using solvent extraction (SX) was discussed in detail. Moreover, the metallurgical extractive procedures for Sc recovery were presented. Acidic and neutral organophosphorus (OPCs) extractants are the most extensively used in industrial activities, considering that they provide the highest extraction efficiency of any of the valuable components. Due to the chemical and physical similarities of the rare earth metals, the separation and purification processes of Sc are difficult tasks. Sc has also been extracted from acidic solutions using carboxylic acids, amines, and acidic β-diketone, among other solvents and chemicals. For improving the extraction efficiencies, the development of mixed extractants or synergistic systems for the SX of Sc has been carried out in recent years. Different operational parameters play an important role in the extraction process, such as the type of the aqueous phase and its acidity, the aqueous (A) to organic (O) and solid (S) to liquid (L) phase ratios, as well as the type of the diluents. Sc recovery is now implemented in industrial production using a combination of hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical techniques, such as ore pre-treatment, leaching, SX, precipitation, and calcination. The hydrometallurgical methods (acid leaching and SX) were effective for Sc recovery. Furthermore, the OPCs bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA/P204) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) showed interesting potential taking into consideration some co-extracted metals such as Fe(III) and Ti(IV).

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Section: Recovery Of Scandium From the Bauxite Waste (Red Mud)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recovery Of Scandium From the Bauxite Waste (Red Mud)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scandium Recovery Methods from Mining, Metallurgical Extractive Industries, and Industrial Wastes

et al. 2022

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“…The recovery of alumina and ferric oxides from iron-rich red mud has been reported using the reduction sintering technique [ 112 ]. Different experiments have shown that up to 89.71% of alumina can be extracted, with a Fe recovery rate of 60.67%, under optimal conditions [ 113 ]. Zhang et al [ 114 ] investigated andradite-grossular hydrogarnet formation in the hydrothermal process with the aim of examining its effect on alumina and alkali recovery from Bayer red mud.…”

Section: Industrial Wastementioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of Value-Added Minerals from Various Agricultural, Industrial and Domestic Wastes

Yadav¹,

Yadav²,

Tirth

et al. 2021

Materials

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Environmental pollution is one of the major concerns throughout the world. The rise of industrialization has increased the generation of waste materials, causing environmental degradation and threat to the health of living beings. To overcome this problem and effectively handle waste materials, proper management skills are required. Waste as a whole is not only waste, but it also holds various valuable materials that can be used again. Such useful materials or elements need to be segregated and recovered using sustainable recovery methods. Agricultural waste, industrial waste, and household waste have the potential to generate different value-added products. More specifically, the industrial waste like fly ash, gypsum waste, and red mud can be used for the recovery of alumina, silica, and zeolites. While agricultural waste like rice husks, sugarcane bagasse, and coconut shells can be used for recovery of silica, calcium, and carbon materials. In addition, domestic waste like incense stick ash and eggshell waste that is rich in calcium can be used for the recovery of calcium-related products. In agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors, several raw materials are used; therefore, it is of high economic interest to recover valuable minerals and to process them and convert them into merchandisable products. This will not only decrease environmental pollution, it will also provide an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach for materials synthesis. These value-added materials can be used for medicine, cosmetics, electronics, catalysis, and environmental cleanup.

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“…The amount of RM accumulated worldwide already exceeds 150 billion tons, and every year this amount increases by another 150 million tons [3]. At the same time, RM is an interesting source of rare earth elements (REEs) [4][5][6][7][8][9], especially scandium (Sc) which represents more than 90% of the REE value in this solid residue [10]. The Sc concentration in typical RM is about 90-120 mg kg −1 [11,12], which is five times higher than the content in the Earth's crust [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Selective Extraction of Scandium (Sc) from Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) by Acid Leaching with MgSO4

et al. 2022

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Bauxite residue, also known as red mud (RM), from alumina production is the most promising technogenic material for the production of scandium (Sc) and other rare earth elements (REEs). Conveniently, RM is processed by using a strong acid (pH < 2.5), which lead to co-dissolution of iron and other undesirable major components. In this work, for the first time, the possibility of selective extraction of scandium from red mud by using highly diluted acid (pH > 4) in the presence of MgSO4 was shown. The effect of temperature (40–80 °C), time (0–60 min), pH (2–5), and the MgSO4 concentration (12–36 g L−1) on Sc extraction efficiency was evaluated. It was shown that Sc extraction was higher than 63% even at a pH of 4, at 80 °C, after 1 h, while more than 80% could be extracted at a pH of 2. Iron extraction reduced from 7.7 to 0.03% by increasing the pH from 2 to 4. The kinetics study using the shrinking core model (SCM) has shown that diffusion through a product layer is a rate-limiting stage of the process at high temperatures (>60 °C) and low pH (<3), whereas, at lower temperatures and higher pH values, the leaching rate is limited by diffusion through the liquid film.

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Enhancing the Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Red Mud

Cited by 16 publications

References 26 publications

Scandium Recovery Methods from Mining, Metallurgical Extractive Industries, and Industrial Wastes

Scandium Recovery Methods from Mining, Metallurgical Extractive Industries, and Industrial Wastes

Extraction of Value-Added Minerals from Various Agricultural, Industrial and Domestic Wastes

High-Selective Extraction of Scandium (Sc) from Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) by Acid Leaching with MgSO4

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