Enhancing the Performance of Distribution Network Using Ferry-to-Grid Technology

Design, Sizing, and Energy Management of Microgrids in Harbor Areas: A Review

“…The adaptation of harbors to the technological evolution of vessels and to shore-to-ship requirements. Fossil fuels are intended to be totally or partially replaced by electrical solutions (electrical machine and storage systems) such as in all-electric ships [9,[34][35][36]. Also, vessels can be connected to an onshore power supply during berthing, but some technical challenges exist, related to the power supply, the compatibility between onshore and vessel power systems, and demand management [9,[12][13][14]20,25,37,38].…”

“…Also, some publications describe the investigation of the exchange of charged batteries at the seaport with onboard discharged batteries during berthing, to limit shore-to-ship charging requirements [20,35]. Furthermore, onboard batteries can be used during berthing as an electrical power supply for onshore loads and they could provide ancillary services (boat-to-grid concept, also called B2G) [32,36,39]. Also, the use of batteries on a larger geographical scale can be considered.…”

“…Due to their embedded power sources (auxiliary engines and storage solutions), the vessels can provide ancillary services to the main grid during berthing, such as frequency and voltage regulation, power quality, load levelling, etc. [32,36,39]. This innovative concept is called boat-to-grid (B2G) [32] or ferry-to-grid [36], similarly to the existing concept for well-known vehicle-to-grid (V2G).…”

“…[32,36,39]. This innovative concept is called boat-to-grid (B2G) [32] or ferry-to-grid [36], similarly to the existing concept for well-known vehicle-to-grid (V2G). The berth allocation of the vessels can also be taken into account in the energy management system, so as to minimize the pollutants emission and meet the load requirements of the vessels, according to the arriving vessels [82].…”

“…Energy harvesting from harbor facilities: electrical energy can be generated locally due to lowering the container with quay cranes and gantry cranes, which add supplementary energy sources to the renewable and conventional energy sources [21,49]; • Boat-to-grid concept: the connection of the vessels to the onshore grid during berthing can supply ancillary services, by using onboard batteries or auxiliary engines [32,36,39]; • DSM with industrial loads: a few loads in a harbor area can be used in a DSM program to bring a degree of freedom for the energy management of the microgrid, such as reefer containers, quay cranes, cold-ironing of vessels, etc. [23,40,54].…”