Enhancing the fathead minnow fish embryo toxicity test: Optimizing embryo production and assessing the utility of additional test endpoints

Roush, Kyle S.; Krzykwa, Julie C.; Malmquist, Jacob A.; Stephens, Dane; Jeffries, Marlo K. Sellin

doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.042

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…When the estimated EC110 and EC125 values were compared with the estimated LC50 value, both values (0.29 ± 0.19 and 0.33 ± 0.21 mg DCA/L, respectively) were >25‐fold less than the LC50 value (8.8 ± 2.7 mg DCA/L), indicating that measures of pericardial area can improve FET test sensitivity. These results are in agreement with those of Jeffries et al () and Roush et al (), who both found that calculating EC10, EC25, and EC50 values for the incidence of pericardial edema improved the sensitivity of the FET test. However, further investigation into the sensitivity of the presence of edema versus the severity of edema is needed as all surviving DCA‐exposed eleutheroembryos in the present study exhibited pericardial edema, preventing such a comparison.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Previous studies using growth-related gene expression of fish embryos as an endpoint have produced mixed results regarding the responsiveness of the genes evaluated in the present study (Jeffries et al 2015;Roush et al 2018). For example, significant reductions in igf1 were observed in fathead minnows subjected to FET tests with mock municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents (Jeffries et al 2015); however, alterations were not observed in response to mock oily effluents (Jeffries et al 2015), sodium chloride, or ethanol (Roush et al 2018). As such, for most of the chemicals evaluated thus far, growth-related gene expression does not appear to enhance the ability of the FET test to predict sublethal adverse effects.…”

Section: Experiments 2: Responsiveness Of Potential Sublethal Fet Testmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Methods for a fathead minnow FET test have already been developed (Braunbeck et al 2005), and studies have shown that the sensitivity of the fathead minnow FET test is comparable to that of other test methods, including the larval growth and survival test, for some chemical classes (Braunbeck et al 2005;Jeffries et al 2014Jeffries et al , 2015Roush et al 2018), suggesting that the fathead minnow can be used as a FET test species. In addition, previous studies have provided evidence that metrics of growth (i.e., growth-related gene expression, wet wt, and length), neurological dysfunction (i.e., neurological-related gene expression, spontaneous contraction frequency, and eye size), and cardiovascular dysfunction (i.e., cardiovascular system-related gene expression, heart rate, and pericardial edema) in embryos and eleutheroembryos may be sensitive to contaminant-induced alterations Antkiewicz et al 2005;Usenko et al 2011;Chen 2013;Incardona et al 2014;Jeffries et al 2015;Roush et al 2018). Therefore, it is possible that the inclusion of these metrics as FET test endpoints may allow for the estimation of sublethal adverse effects and/or enhance FET test sensitivity (Voelker et al 2007;Jeffries et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of cardiovascular and neurodevelopmental metrics as sublethal endpoints for the Fish embryo toxicity test

Krzykwa

Olivas

Jeffries

2018

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The fathead minnow fish embryo toxicity (FET) test has been proposed as a more humane alternative to current toxicity testing methods as younger organisms are thought to experience less distress during toxicant exposure. However, the FET test protocol does not include endpoints that allow for the prediction of sublethal adverse outcomes, limiting its utility relative to other test types. Researchers have proposed the development of sublethal endpoints for the FET test to increase its utility. The present study 1) developed methods for previously unmeasured sublethal metrics in fathead minnows (i.e., spontaneous contraction frequency and heart rate) and 2) investigated the responsiveness of several sublethal endpoints related to growth (wet wt, length, and growth-related gene expression), neurodevelopment (spontaneous contraction frequency, eye size, and neurodevelopmental gene expression), and cardiovascular function and development (pericardial area, heart rate, and cardiovascular system-related gene expression) as additional FET test metrics using the model toxicant 3,4-dichloroaniline. Of the growth, neurological, and cardiovascular endpoints measured, length, eye size, and pericardial area were found to be more responsive than the other endpoints evaluated. Future studies linking alterations in these endpoints to longer-term adverse impacts are needed to fully evaluate the predictive power of these metrics in chemical and whole-effluent toxicity testing. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2530-2541. © 2018 SETAC.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Experiments 2: Responsiveness Of Potential Sublethal Fet Testmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of cardiovascular and neurodevelopmental metrics as sublethal endpoints for the Fish embryo toxicity test

Krzykwa

Olivas

Jeffries

2018

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…In the laboratory, a 16:8 hr light : dark cycle is standard (Denny, ; Duda & Buttner, ). Roush, Krzykwa, Malmquist, Stephens, and Sellin Jeffries () identified light intensity as a factor influencing egg production in the laboratory, with a significantly greater number of eggs produced by fish exposed to 590 lx as opposed to 114 lx.…”

Section: Spawning and Egg Carementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In large tanks with 68 fish, a ratio of 8 males to 60 females optimized egg production (Gordon et al, ). Roush et al () considered that the best sex ratio to produce even‐aged fathead minnow embryos for testing purposes was four females to one male. In short‐term experimental studies requiring daily egg collection, a greater proportion of females increases the likelihood of one being ready to breed at any one time, given that an individual female spawns on average about every 3–4 days (Gale & Buynak, ; Jensen et al, ).…”

Section: Sex Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Fathead minnow reproduction: Implications for commercial culture

Stone¹,

Roy

Park³

2018

J World Aquaculture Soc

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The fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, is widely used as a bait, forage, and research fish in the United States. A hardy and fecund fish, this species has many attributes that are excellent for culture. Unfortunately, despite the widespread use of fathead minnows in toxicity testing and thousands of resulting publications, relatively little aquaculture‐related research has been conducted in support of commercial production. On the surface, current commercial fathead minnow production practices appear much the same as those of a decade ago. However, producers continue to refine culture methods, balancing broodfish stocking rates, spawning substrate quantity, and feeding rates in an attempt to meet both losses to predators and market demand. This review examines relevant reproduction‐related studies in the fields of ecology, behavior, toxicology, and aquaculture with the goal of advancing fathead minnow culture. In fathead minnow production, relative to the culture of food fish species, reproduction is vital, more so than rapid growth or a low feed conversion ratio. Fish numbers may exceed 1 million fish/ha, while feeding rates are relatively low and in feeder fish production, growth is deliberately restrained in order to maintain fish within market sizes year‐round. Underappreciated factors identified as affecting reproduction and with implications for commercial culture include: (a) poor egg adhesion to commonly used spawning substrates, (b) egg and fry cannibalism at high fish densities, and (c) the relatively short breeding period of individual males. Results highlight the importance of selecting an appropriate broodfish stocking rate based on fish size, anticipated pond fertility, and feeding program. New methods to improve reproductive performance will likely increase costs and will need to be accompanied by thorough economic analyses.

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De Novo Assembly of the Nearly Complete Fathead Minnow Reference Genome Reveals a Repetitive but Compact Genome

Martinson

Bencic

Toth

et al. 2022

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The fathead minnow is a widely used model organism in environmental toxicology. The lack of a high‐quality fathead minnow reference genome, however, has severely hampered its uses in toxicogenomics. We present the de novo assembly and annotation of the fathead minnow genome using long PacBio reads, Bionano and Hi‐C scaffolding data, and large RNA‐sequencing data sets from different tissues and life stages. The new annotated fathead minnow reference genome has a scaffold N50 of 12.0 Mbp and a complete benchmarking universal single‐copy orthologs score of 95.1%. The completeness of annotation for the new reference genome is comparable to that of the zebrafish GRCz11 reference genome. The fathead minnow genome, revealed to be highly repetitive and sharing extensive syntenic regions with the zebrafish genome, has a much more compact gene structure than the zebrafish genome. Particularly, comparative genomic analysis with zebrafish, mouse, and human showed that fathead minnow homologous genes are relatively conserved in exon regions but had strikingly shorter intron regions. The new fathead minnow reference genome and annotation data, publicly available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information and the University of California Santa Cruz genome browser, provides an essential resource for aquatic toxicogenomic studies in ecotoxicology and public health. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:448–461. Published 2021. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

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Enhancing the fathead minnow fish embryo toxicity test: Optimizing embryo production and assessing the utility of additional test endpoints

Cited by 14 publications

References 49 publications

Development of cardiovascular and neurodevelopmental metrics as sublethal endpoints for the Fish embryo toxicity test

Development of cardiovascular and neurodevelopmental metrics as sublethal endpoints for the Fish embryo toxicity test

Fathead minnow reproduction: Implications for commercial culture

De Novo Assembly of the Nearly Complete Fathead Minnow Reference Genome Reveals a Repetitive but Compact Genome

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