“…For larger grain sizes, there is an increase in the crystallinity of the structures [31]. Other techniques like spray pyrolysis, co-precipitation, DC magnetron sputtering, sol-gel, spin coating, and thermal synthesis obtained sizes of 34.7, 32, 23.66, 42-47, and 14 nm [1,18,[33][34][35]. The large crystallite sizes in this work can be explained by the high concentration of titanium dioxide, above 10%, and the heat treatment at 450 °C [17].…”