Enhancing the efficiency of perovskite solar cells using mesoscopic zinc-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> as the electron extraction layer through band alignment

Wu, Ming‐Chung; Chan, Shun‐Hsiang; Lee, Kun‐Mu; Chen, Shih‐Hsuan; Jao, Meng‐Huan; Chen, Yang‐Fang; Su, Wei‐Fang

doi:10.1039/c8ta05291c

Cited by 77 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…The synthesis of mesoporous zinc‐doped TiO 2 (meso‐Zn:TiO 2 ) paste was based on our previous work . Briefly, a 12.5 g of titanium isopropoxide and 5.0 mL of 2‐propanol were mixed together.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer Additives for Morphology Control in High‐Performance Lead‐Reduced Perovskite Solar Cells

Chan

et al. 2020

Solar RRL

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The organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are rapidly developed in just a few years due to its high power conversion efficiency. However, it still faces some critical issues, one of which is the presence of toxic lead (Pb2+). Recent researches show that barium (Ba2+) can partially replace the Pb2+ in perovskite structure and achieve a promising device performance because of its adequate ionic radius. However, the optimal replacement amount of Ba2+ in perovskite is still limited. Herein, the methylammonium (MA)/formamidinium (FA) mixed‐cation perovskite is used as the active layer in PSCs and Pb2+ is partially substituted with Ba2+. Compared with the pure MA system, the best device efficiency can be achieved using higher Ba2+ replacement ratio. In addition, while introducing the appropriate polymer additive, the replacement ratio can be further increased without compromise of device efficiency. Using polyethylene glycol as polymer additive, 10.0 mol% Ba‐doped MA/FA mixed‐cation PSC with an efficiency of 16.1% can be realized. It is believed that this report provides an effective strategy to fabricate high‐performance lead‐reduced PSCs.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer Additives for Morphology Control in High‐Performance Lead‐Reduced Perovskite Solar Cells

Chan

et al. 2020

Solar RRL

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“…The result showed that Ni 2+ doping could boost the conductivity of α‐Fe 2 O 3 and decrease the charge accumulation at the perovskite/ETL interface, leading to improved photovoltaic performance with negligible hysteresis. Wu et al [ 202 ] demonstrated Zn 2+ ‐doped TiO 2 NPs as a mesoscopic ETL via combining sol–gel and hydrothermal methods (Figure 11d). They found that the TiO 2 achieved more appropriate energy alignment with the perovskite photoactive layer compared with pure TiO 2 .…”

Section: Doping Of Semiconductor Oxides Etlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doping in Semiconductor Oxides‐Based Electron Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells Application

et al. 2021

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From the perspective of the device structure of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the electron transport layer is one of the essential components and plays a significant role in suppressing carrier recombination. Furthermore, its decisiveness is related to the quality of perovskite film, the rapid interface carrier extraction, and the bandgap alignment. However, the deficiency of the semiconductor oxides based electron transport materials, especially for most studied TiO2, is that their carrier mobility is one to three orders of magnitude lower than the most commonly used hole transport materials, leading to an imbalanced carrier flux and unpredicted hysteresis. Doping new ions are the most effective ways to improve electron mobility and tune the bandgap, while the fundamental mechanism of doping in the majority of cases are still lacking. Herein, the doping effect on semiconductor oxides is reviewed and emphasized by classifying the doping ions according to the critical factors of lattice optimization, a carrier transporting improvement, and interface modification. This review is the first systematic summary of the ion doping characteristics in oxide electron transport layers of PSCs. Finally, the implementation of doping ions in electron transport materials is briefly discussed for further enhancing the photovoltaic performance of PSCs.

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“…For the TiO 2 -based EEL, it can be classified into two types, mesoporous-structured TiO 2 layer and TiO 2 compact layer (Wu et al, 2018b;Chen et al, 2019). The mesoporous-structured TiO 2 layer must be calcined at above 400 • C to remove the organic binder (e.g., ethyl cellulose) and form the porous structure (Wu et al, 2018a). However, the high-temperature calcination leads to cost increment and energy consumption, and it is not conducive to the low-temperature process.…”

Section: Low-temperature Tio 2 Electron Extraction Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The p-i-n structured PSC is based on the organic solar cells having ITO/p-type material (HTL)/perovskite/n-type material (EEL)/metal electrode (Heo et al, 2015;Fan et al, 2018;Mali et al, 2018). In contrast, n-i-p structured PSC is adopted to construct DSSC with structure FTO/n-type material (EEL)/perovskite/p-type material (HTL)/metal electrode (Chan et al, 2017;Wu et al, 2018a). Many n-type materials, including TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , ZnO, ZrO 2 , and SnO 2 , are often used as electron extraction layer (EEL) for PSC due to the appropriate energy band alignment with perovskite absorber (Anaraki et al, 2016;Che et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2017Zhang et al, , 2018Wu et al, 2018a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, n-i-p structured PSC is adopted to construct DSSC with structure FTO/n-type material (EEL)/perovskite/p-type material (HTL)/metal electrode (Chan et al, 2017;Wu et al, 2018a). Many n-type materials, including TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , ZnO, ZrO 2 , and SnO 2 , are often used as electron extraction layer (EEL) for PSC due to the appropriate energy band alignment with perovskite absorber (Anaraki et al, 2016;Che et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2017Zhang et al, , 2018Wu et al, 2018a). However, the synthesis of metal oxides often requires hightemperature treatment to increase the crystallinity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Low-Temperature Processed Electron Extraction Layer

Chan

Chang

2019

Front. Mater.

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Organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is considered one of the most promising energy harvesting technologies due to its high power conversion efficiency (PCE). The T. Miyasaka group first reported the methylammonium lead halide (CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3) as a light absorber of dye-sensitized solar cells with a PCE of 3.8% in 2009. Over the past decade, many research groups have been dedicated to constructing high-performance PSCs and have obtained fantastic progress. Before commercialization, many issues have to be overcome. To extend the application of PSCs, flexible PSCs are seen as the preferred choice. However, the conventional process requires high-temperature procedures that are incompatible with the production of flexible PSCs. Here, we specifically focus on the recent developments of the low-temperature process strategies for fabricating high-performance PSCs. This mini-review briefly discusses the development in low-temperature processed metal oxide and carbon-based electron extraction layer (EEL). The approaches for low-temperature solution-processed PSCs are introduced and then the various PSCs with distinctive EEL are discussed. Overall, this minireview contributes to a better understanding of the low-temperature processed electron extraction layer. Strategies and perspectives are also provided for further high-performance PSCs.

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Enhancing the efficiency of perovskite solar cells using mesoscopic zinc-doped TiO₂ as the electron extraction layer through band alignment

Abstract: A meso-Zn:TiO2 electron extraction layer exhibits the optimal band alignment with CH3NH3PbI3, and the champion PCE of the PSC is 18.3%.

Cited by 77 publications

References 73 publications

Polymer Additives for Morphology Control in High‐Performance Lead‐Reduced Perovskite Solar Cells

Polymer Additives for Morphology Control in High‐Performance Lead‐Reduced Perovskite Solar Cells

Doping in Semiconductor Oxides‐Based Electron Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells Application

High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Low-Temperature Processed Electron Extraction Layer

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Enhancing the efficiency of perovskite solar cells using mesoscopic zinc-doped TiO2 as the electron extraction layer through band alignment

Abstract: A meso-Zn:TiO2 electron extraction layer exhibits the optimal band alignment with CH3NH3PbI3, and the champion PCE of the PSC is 18.3%.

Cited by 77 publications

References 73 publications

Polymer Additives for Morphology Control in High‐Performance Lead‐Reduced Perovskite Solar Cells

Polymer Additives for Morphology Control in High‐Performance Lead‐Reduced Perovskite Solar Cells

Doping in Semiconductor Oxides‐Based Electron Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells Application

High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Low-Temperature Processed Electron Extraction Layer

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Enhancing the efficiency of perovskite solar cells using mesoscopic zinc-doped TiO₂ as the electron extraction layer through band alignment