Electrical field treatment (EFT) using alternating current was investigated for the possibility that it could enhance the out-of-plane effective thermal conductivity (TC) of carbon nanofiber (CNF)/polymer composite sheets with high concentrations of filler. Two types of polymers were used as the base: fluorinated polyimide (PI) and silicone rubber. For the CNF/fluorinated PI, the influence of frequency was clarified at 2 kV of amplitude voltage when using a CNF concentration up to 15.0 vol%. As a result, the effective TC was clearly increased by EFT, and the degree of the enhancement of effective TC was obviously greater at 0.01 Hz than at either 100 or 1 Â 10 6 Hz. Moreover, the effective TCs of two types of CNF/silicone rubber were also enhanced by EFT with 2 kV and 0.01 Hz for concentrations of CNF up to 5.2 vol%, although there is a large difference in the preparation methods between CNF/fluorinated PI and CNF/silicone rubber. Furthermore, the tensile strength of the sheets prepared with EFT implied a change in the orientational structure of CNF inside the silicone rubber matrix, although the effect of EFT on the tensile strength was smaller compared with that on the effective TC.