“…Especially, when infants interact with significant others who are available in times of need, this interrelationship facilitates the optimal functioning of the system and promotes the formation of a sense of attachment security, so the attachment theory usually thought that an infant who views his or her parents as a secure base can explore and learn with fewer worries and less distraction ( Mikulincer and Shaver, 2010 ). When attachment theory was transferred to pupils, attachment theory played a similar role in supporting the effect of the teacher-student relationship on students’ academic achievement in the classroom context ( Cornelius-White, 2007 ; Zhou et al, 2020 ; Poling et al, 2022 ). A supportive teacher-student relationship based on the attachment theory can provide a secure foundation for pupils to enjoy learning, develop new skills, autonomously pursue new goals, and realize their potential and aspirations, which will promote students’ progress in academic performance ( Mikulincer and Shaver, 2010 ; Zhou et al, 2020 , 2021 ).…”