“…In our examination of the TSR literature we observed that past research often examined small-grain sub-components of TSR (e.g., Wentzel, 1997, and her work on teacher caring), assessed the teachers' (e.g., Birch & Ladd, 1998) or students' (e.g., Goodenow, 1993) perceptions of the relationships (though rarely both), and more frequently focused on elementary school students (Pianta, 1999). Thus, despite the excellent work in this field, we saw ways in which a more comprehensive (i.e., large-grain) measure of TSR that captured both teacher and student perceptions at the secondary level could make important scientific and practical contributions.…”