Enhancing Performance of High Viscosity Friction Reducers HVFRs in Brine

Phatak, Alhad; Seymour, Brian; Ren, Ginger; Gonzalez, Isaias

doi:10.2118/204339-ms

Cited by 4 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…People have determined to compensate for the decrease in the fracturing fluid viscosity by pumping slickwater at a high rate (80−100 bbl/min). 13,75 Slickwater mainly consists of water and a small amount (less than 0.1 wt % of fracturing fluid) of friction reducers (FRs). 76 The FRs convert the turbulence generated by the high pumping speed into a laminar flow to minimize friction.…”

Section: Application Advantages For Ves Fracturing Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, in recent years, the high-viscosity friction reducer (HVFR) has become more popular for shale fracturing. 13 The amount of FRs added to these fluids (0.2−0.8 vol %) is higher than that of slickwater and lower than the 0.24−0.36 wt % of guar gum, to improve their viscosity and proppant-carrying performance. They have achieved good performance and production results in both the laboratory and fields.…”

Section: Application Advantages For Ves Fracturing Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…81,82 However, even in the presence of a small amount of salt, the performance of HVFR fluids will sharply decrease. 13,83 FRs are the most commonly used type. Compared to anions, the cationic FRs are more salt-resistant.…”

Section: Application Advantages For Ves Fracturing Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the continuous development of ultralow-permeability reservoirs such as shale, the oil industry has witnessed a strong transition from the borate-cross-linked fluids to slickwater. , In low-permeability reservoirs, high-viscosity fluids are unnecessary to reduce fluid filtration, so slickwater is used. People have determined to compensate for the decrease in the fracturing fluid viscosity by pumping slickwater at a high rate (80–100 bbl/min). , Slickwater mainly consists of water and a small amount (less than 0.1 wt % of fracturing fluid) of friction reducers (FRs) . The FRs convert the turbulence generated by the high pumping speed into a laminar flow to minimize friction. − They can reduce the frictional pressure of the fracturing fluid by more than 70% .…”

Section: Application Advantages For Ves Fracturing Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hydraulic fracturing is an effective technique for stimulating low-permeability and ultralow-permeability oil and gas reservoirs. − A large amount of fracturing fluid is pumped to the bottomhole under high pressure to form the induced fractures, and the proppant is carried and transported into the fractures. The proppant located in the fractures will prevent the fractures from fully closing after fracturing operation, , resulting in a channel with permeability several orders of magnitude higher than the permeability of the formation itself. − The viscosity and elastic properties of the fracturing fluid are crucial for creating the designed fracture geometry and controlling the suspension efficiency of proppants. − Therefore, a reasonable selection of fracturing fluid is very important in hydraulic fracturing treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review on High-Temperature-Resistant Viscoelastic Surfactant Fracturing Fluids: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives

Liu

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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A viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluid is an important part of a water-based fracturing fluid. As oil and gas exploration expands into deep, high-temperature, low-permeability reservoirs, the conventional VES fracturing fluid has shown great limitations. The high-temperature-resistance mechanisms of the high-temperature-resistant VES fracturing fluids in publicly available literature were analyzed from five aspects: single-chain surfactant system, oligomeric surfactant system, counterion effect, blended surfactant system, and nano-enhanced VES system. The friction-reduction performance, sand-carrying performance, gel-breaking performance, and core-damage performance of these systems were summarized. The results show that oligomeric surfactants with a monounsaturated hydrophobic long chain (>C21) are most likely to be used for VES fracturing fluids in high-temperature reservoirs, but the loading of the surfactants is still relatively high (3–5 wt %). By reducing the repulsion among polar headgroups to effectively decrease the area of head groups, or/and penetrating into the nonpolar cores based on hydrophobic interaction to increase the average hydrophobic volume of hydrophobic tails, counterions affect the performance of VESs. The aromatic counterion salts are preferred choices for improving the temperature resistance, friction reduction, and suspended sand performance of VES fluids. The blended surfactant/synthetic polymer systems based on noncovalent interaction improve the temperature resistance of VES fluids and reduce the loading of the surfactants to a certain extent. Based on the “pseudo-cross-linking” of nanomaterials and wormlike micelles, a very small amount of nanomaterials can improve the temperature resistance of VES fluids and reduce the loading of the surfactants. The most essential and effective method to improve the temperature resistance of VES fluids for fracturing is the molecular structure design based on the packing parameter theory. However, the synthesis process or route still needs further optimization to reduce production costs. In addition, given the excellent performance of VES fluids enhanced by nanomaterials, further research should be conducted on the influence mechanism of nanomaterial type and geometric features on the performance of VESs, as well as the potential harmfulness of nanomaterials, to promote the field-scale application of nano-enhanced VES fluids.

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Section: Application Advantages For Ves Fracturing Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Application Advantages For Ves Fracturing Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Application Advantages For Ves Fracturing Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Application Advantages For Ves Fracturing Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Review on High-Temperature-Resistant Viscoelastic Surfactant Fracturing Fluids: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives

Liu

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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Successfully Optimizing Performance of Friction-Reducer Boosters for Slickwater and High-Viscosity Fluids

Kitchen¹,

Kakadjian²,

Vu³

et al. 2023

Day 1 Wed, June 28, 2023

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Polyacrylamide-based friction reducers (FRs) and high-viscosity friction reducers (HVFRs) are designed to reduce friction losses in tubulars and improve proppant placement. Low-cost anionic FRs are suitable, and are often the standard, in mild-salinity environments. However, to perform in high-salinity environments, anionic FRs require one of the following: 1) an increase in polymer activity/concentration/molecular weight, or 2) the introduction of sulfonated/cationic monomers. This study presents the screening process of commercial boosters used to improve the performance of low-cost conventional FRs and HVFRs. Conducted at room temperature, as well as the various bottomhole temperature conditions encountered in the Permian, Bakken, Haynesville and Eagle Ford shale plays, the study is designed to investigate the boosters’ effects on the performance on FRs, whether these FRs are in liquid or dry form, by introducing different nonionic or charged surfactant species. The study presents impact on drag reduction, yield viscosity and viscosity at different sweeps (including the ultralow shear rates encountered in the fractures). Further, the study tests viscoelasticity and creep behavior; this is to determine if the friction-reduction effect is due to faster dispersion or to improved hydration due to changes to colloidal distribution. Impact of FR boosters is limited by the makeup of the boosters, as well as the delivery form of the FRs or HVFRs. The study team observed that, when conventional anionic FRs are delivered in the invert emulsion form, proppant transport properties improve with the addition of specific nonionic- and/or cationic-based surfactants. Unlike traditional methods used to predict the impact on the performance of FR boosters, this new testing methodology more effectively predicts the impact of small tweaks in the booster's molecular structure, which reduced pumping pressure in this study by approximately 500 psi.

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In-Depth Laboratory Proppant Transport Study Using HVFRs for Marcellus High TDS Environments

Biheri

Imqam

2023

SPE Journal

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Summary Excellent proppant transport can be accomplished by introducing high-viscosity friction reducer (HVFR) fracture fluids. However, HVFRs face several challenges that prevent these fluids from providing good proppant transport performance, including the presence of total dissolved solids (TDS) in the produced water. TDS can negatively impact the viscous and elastic properties of HVFR. This study evaluated the rheological and proppant transport performance using HVFRs at extreme salinity conditions using water samples from the Marcellus Basin. The anionic and cationic HVFRs with a concentration of 4 gpt were used. Experimental evaluation work, including the rheology, static proppant settling measurements, and dynamic proppant transport, was conducted using three Marcellus TDS concentrations (68,000; 137,000; and 229,000 ppm). All the experiments were performed at a high-temperature condition that mimics the Marcellus reservoir temperature of 65.5°C (150°F). The results show that the existence of TDS was largely impacted by both types of HVFRs, but the cationic HVFR exhibited better resistance to the Marcellus TDS compared to the anionic HVFR in terms of transporting proppant. The viscosity of the anionic HVFR was reduced more than that of the cationic HVFR, as TDS concentrations increased to 229,000 ppm. However, the elasticity of both HVFRs was weak, as a switch was made from using low TDS to high TDS. This could imply that HVFR viscosity provides the main contribution to proppant transport in high TDS environments. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the impact of TDS on the effectiveness of HVFR by investigating HVFR rheology, static proppant settling, and dynamic proppant transport in the TDS environment.

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Enhancing Performance of High Viscosity Friction Reducers HVFRs in Brine

Cited by 4 publications

References 14 publications

Review on High-Temperature-Resistant Viscoelastic Surfactant Fracturing Fluids: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives

Review on High-Temperature-Resistant Viscoelastic Surfactant Fracturing Fluids: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives

Successfully Optimizing Performance of Friction-Reducer Boosters for Slickwater and High-Viscosity Fluids

In-Depth Laboratory Proppant Transport Study Using HVFRs for Marcellus High TDS Environments

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