Enhancing Performance and Reducing Stress in Sports: Technological Advances

Control of the extension–flexion cycle of human knees during bicycle riding by a synergy of solitary muscular excitations and contractions

“…In this theoretical paper we have presented three fundamental force relations: (i) forcelength, (ii) force-time and (iii) force velocity -which span all levels of muscular mechanics, Figure 6, for both quadriceps and hamstrings length-change of x = 2cm, with increasing (normalized) friction coefficient a ∈ [1,10]. We can see that (angular) velocity in both muscles reduces with increased (frictional) loading, which qualitatively agrees with Hill's force-velocity relation.…”

“…Using the fact that muscles are excitable tissues similar to nerves (only about 100 times slower), we can apply Eq. ( 1) to model various forms of muscular action potential (MAP), or muscular excitation, by interpreting the driving term sin u as either induced internally by neural stimuli, or externally by electro-muscular stimulation (see [1] and the references therein).…”

“…Human knee joint has a complex anatomical structure (including three articulations: tibiofemoral, tibio-fibular and patelo-femoral) and a highly nonlinear biomechanical function (see Figure 3.20 in [1] and the related references, as well as [2]). Its primary dynamical function is a single dominant degree-of-freedom (DOF): flexion/extension in the sagittal plane, actuated by the two of the largest muscular groups in the human body: m. quadriceps femoris performing knee extension and m. hamstrings performing knee flexion.…”

“…Its primary dynamical function is a single dominant degree-of-freedom (DOF): flexion/extension in the sagittal plane, actuated by the two of the largest muscular groups in the human body: m. quadriceps femoris performing knee extension and m. hamstrings performing knee flexion. 1 Modelling and simulation studies of the knee dynamics have usually been based on multi-body models and/or finite element method (see [4,5] and the references therein). In the present paper we extend this approach by including soliton models of excitation and contraction of the extensor-quadriceps and flexor-hamstrings.…”

How the Development of Tone and Posture Occured in New Borns

“…These new natal reflexes play a vital role in the development of tone and posture (Keven and Akins, 2016). Head control, increase extensor tone, developing rotatory component and appearance of equilibrium reactions are basic components of motor development (Ivancevic et al, 2015). Skills in body are leaned by integration of neonatal reflexes.…”