Abstract:Epoxy, a thermoset resin with myriad applications, suffers from drawbacks such as brittleness and lack of fracture toughness. A breakthrough in reinforcing epoxy-based composites can be achieved by developing cost-effective and environment-friendly nanoparticles with high elastic modulus and low density such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). In this research work, CNCs were used to reinforce biaxial E-glass fabric/epoxy composite. The impact of CNCs mixing medium, i.e. hardener or a mixture of epoxy and harden… Show more
“…However, the results show that the toughness of biaxial E-glass/epoxy composites were boosted up to 71.7% with incorporation of 1.18 wt.% of PETHF-FIs.Figure 5.The tensile properties of biaxial E-glass/epoxy composites hybridized by PETHF-FI and PETHF-ST. The data related to sample "0, biaxial" has been reproduced from Ref (20) with permission from SAGE Pub.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The tensile properties of biaxial E-glass/epoxy composites hybridized by PETHF-FI and PETHF-ST. The data related to sample "0, biaxial" has been reproduced from Ref (20) with permission from SAGE Pub.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The reinforcing effect of PEFHTs in the triaxial composites was not as significant as the biaxial composites because of the superior stress distribution of the E-glass fabrics.Figure 9.The impact properties of (a) biaxial and (b) triaxial E-glass/epoxy composites hybridized with PETHFs in different weight fractions (0, 0.23, 1.18, and 2 wt.%). The data related to sample “0, biaxial” has been reproduced from Ref (20) with permission from SAGE Pub.Note: PETHFs; polyethylene terephthalate hollow fibers.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The impact properties of (a) biaxial and (b) triaxial E-glass/epoxy composites hybridized with PETHFs in different weight fractions (0, 0.23, 1.18, and 2 wt.%). The data related to sample “0, biaxial” has been reproduced from Ref (20) with permission from SAGE Pub.Note: PETHFs; polyethylene terephthalate hollow fibers.…”
Incorporation of hollow fibers in polymer base composites has gained great interest due to their flexibility and lightweight structure. Among many research studies on this subject, the mechanical performance of polyester hollow fiber/E-glass reinforced polymer composites has not been investigated. The main objective of the present work was to investigate the fracture toughness and impact resistance of E-glass/epoxy composites hybridized by a separate layer of polyethylene terephthalate hollow fibers (PETHFs). The samples were prepared by placing a layer of PETHFs in different contents (0, 0.23, 1.18, or 2 wt.%) and in two different forms of filaments (PETHF-FIs) or staple fibers (PETHF-STs) between two layers of biaxial or triaxial E-glass fabrics. The mechanical behaviors of the samples were investigated by performing a set of tensile and impact tests. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Field Emission Scanning Microscopy (FESEM) were also used to evaluate the surface morphologies of the hollow fibers and the fractured samples. The results revealed that, unlike PETHF-FIs, PETHF-STs could weaken the mechanical performance of the pristine E-glass/epoxy composites. The internal channel blockage of PETHF-STs was observed in the FESEM images of the fractured PETHF-STs hybrid samples. The highest toughening effects were observed with incorporation of 1.18 wt.% PETHF-FIs in biaxial E-glass/Epoxy composites and 2 wt.% PETHF-FIs in triaxial E-glass/Epoxy composites. The highest value of impact resistance belonged to the samples hybridized with 2 wt.% of PETHF-FIs. Crack deflection, fiber pull out, and fiber stretching were the predominant fracture mechanisms observed in the PETHF-FIs hybrid composites.
“…However, the results show that the toughness of biaxial E-glass/epoxy composites were boosted up to 71.7% with incorporation of 1.18 wt.% of PETHF-FIs.Figure 5.The tensile properties of biaxial E-glass/epoxy composites hybridized by PETHF-FI and PETHF-ST. The data related to sample "0, biaxial" has been reproduced from Ref (20) with permission from SAGE Pub.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The tensile properties of biaxial E-glass/epoxy composites hybridized by PETHF-FI and PETHF-ST. The data related to sample "0, biaxial" has been reproduced from Ref (20) with permission from SAGE Pub.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The reinforcing effect of PEFHTs in the triaxial composites was not as significant as the biaxial composites because of the superior stress distribution of the E-glass fabrics.Figure 9.The impact properties of (a) biaxial and (b) triaxial E-glass/epoxy composites hybridized with PETHFs in different weight fractions (0, 0.23, 1.18, and 2 wt.%). The data related to sample “0, biaxial” has been reproduced from Ref (20) with permission from SAGE Pub.Note: PETHFs; polyethylene terephthalate hollow fibers.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The impact properties of (a) biaxial and (b) triaxial E-glass/epoxy composites hybridized with PETHFs in different weight fractions (0, 0.23, 1.18, and 2 wt.%). The data related to sample “0, biaxial” has been reproduced from Ref (20) with permission from SAGE Pub.Note: PETHFs; polyethylene terephthalate hollow fibers.…”
Incorporation of hollow fibers in polymer base composites has gained great interest due to their flexibility and lightweight structure. Among many research studies on this subject, the mechanical performance of polyester hollow fiber/E-glass reinforced polymer composites has not been investigated. The main objective of the present work was to investigate the fracture toughness and impact resistance of E-glass/epoxy composites hybridized by a separate layer of polyethylene terephthalate hollow fibers (PETHFs). The samples were prepared by placing a layer of PETHFs in different contents (0, 0.23, 1.18, or 2 wt.%) and in two different forms of filaments (PETHF-FIs) or staple fibers (PETHF-STs) between two layers of biaxial or triaxial E-glass fabrics. The mechanical behaviors of the samples were investigated by performing a set of tensile and impact tests. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Field Emission Scanning Microscopy (FESEM) were also used to evaluate the surface morphologies of the hollow fibers and the fractured samples. The results revealed that, unlike PETHF-FIs, PETHF-STs could weaken the mechanical performance of the pristine E-glass/epoxy composites. The internal channel blockage of PETHF-STs was observed in the FESEM images of the fractured PETHF-STs hybrid samples. The highest toughening effects were observed with incorporation of 1.18 wt.% PETHF-FIs in biaxial E-glass/Epoxy composites and 2 wt.% PETHF-FIs in triaxial E-glass/Epoxy composites. The highest value of impact resistance belonged to the samples hybridized with 2 wt.% of PETHF-FIs. Crack deflection, fiber pull out, and fiber stretching were the predominant fracture mechanisms observed in the PETHF-FIs hybrid composites.
“…This model predicts Ec/Em (where Ec is the composite modulus and Em is the matrix modulus) and the value of 𝝃 for the best fit with the experimental results. The higher the value of 𝝃, the greater the indication of improvement in dispersion quality caused by the tendency of the nanoparticles to agglomerate [46] .…”
Section: Mechanical Model For Elastic Modulus Predictionmentioning
This study evaluated the influence of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) content on the properties of epoxy nanocomposites. The CNC were obtained from microcrystalline cellulose by acid hydrolysis. 4.0, 5.5 and 7.0% of untreated CNC were incorporated into epoxy resin. Sonication was used to disperse the CNC in the resin. The thermal stability, the glass transition temperature and the degree of conversion were reduced as observed by Thermogravimetry and Differential Scanning Calorimetry, respectively. The tensile and bending modulus showed no significant improvement and the impact resistance showed a slight reduction due to the non-uniform dispersion of the CNCs, as observed by Transmission Electron Microscopy. Analysis of Scanning Electron Microscopy showed a change of the fracture mechanism of the epoxy resin: the CNCs increased the elastic modulus by reinforcement, but accelerated the fracture by acting as defects. The Halpin-Tsai model was applied to predict the elastic modulus of the epoxy/CNC system.
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