“…At first, holes or electrons are generated in the valence band and the conduction band of the conjugated polymer by redox doping, photoexcitation, or charge injection, respectively. [28][29][30] Subsequently, the holes or electrons would distort the nearby lattice structures to lower their energy levels, forming localized topological excitons, e.g., soliton, polaron, bipolaron, as the charge carriers. Based on the reduction of energy by lattice distortion, the energy levels of the charge carriers from high to low can be written as soliton 4 polaron 4 1 2 bipolaron.…”