“…One explanation for this may be that higher-order thinking, as opposed to lower-order thinking (Abdullah et al, 2017), requires a high level of thinking that encompasses multiple complex abilities (Apino & Retnawati, 2017;Hwang et al, 2017;Miri et al, 2007;Zohar, 2013). Another possible explanation is that researchers believe that education is the main driving force promoting the development of learners' higher-order thinking, which requires specific methods, strategies, and media to be cultivated (Rubini et al, 2019), as technology plays an important role in developing learners' higher-order thinking (Duan & Ieee, 2012;Lee & Choi, 2017). Moreover, studies have found that the development of higher-order thinking is influenced by students' own factors (Lee & Choi, 2017;Wu et al, 2019).…”