Enhancing biocompatibility of some cation selective electrodes using heparin modified bacterial cellulose

In Vivo Chemical Sensors: Role of Biocompatibility on Performance and Utility

“…66,162 An approach to reducing complications associated with systemic heparin use is via surface-immobilization and controlled release methods. Both strategies have been investigated extensively in combination with synthetic (e.g., polyurethane, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride) 163–166 and natural (e.g., silk, cellulose) 20,167 polymers. Non-covalent heparin immobilization to surfaces relies on either doping heparin into polymeric films or ion pairing interactions between heparin’s anionic carboxylate or sulfate groups and appropriate cationic counterions.…”

“…The most widely utilized ion sensors are potentiometric devices that have been modified with recognition chemistries (ionophores) that selectively complex with target ions to generate an electromotive force . The various recognition agents (e.g., tridodecyl amine for H + , calcium ionophore II for Ca 2+ , valinomycin for K + ) are typically immobilized in an inert, viscous liquid polymer matrix (polyvinyl chloride) mixed with water-immiscible plasticizers (bis­(2-ethylhexyl)­sebacatate, bis­(2-ethylhexyl)­phthalate) and a suitable lipophilic counterion (e.g., potassium tetrakis­(chlorophenyl)­borate as an anionic site). , Optical ion sensors have also been described that possess inherent advantages over potentiometric sensors, including ease of miniaturization and ratiometric detection . Optical detection schemes rely on coimmobilization of an ionophore and a suitable pH indicator in an inert polymer.…”

Structure, thermal stability and electrical properties of cellulose‐6‐phosphate: development of a novel fast Na‐ionic conductor

“…Ionic conductor composites have attracted increasing attention for their applicability in sensors, smart textiles, energy storage, supercapacitors, solar cells and shielding of electromagnetic radiation 1–8 . Since the discovery of sodium superionic conductor materials, new sodium‐based conductors have witnessed an increase in research interest, especially in materials chemistry 9 .…”

Sustainable Biomass Materials for Biomedical Applications

“…For example, alginate-based sponges are used as gastro­retentive carriers to control the release of loaded tetrahydro­curcumin and β-lapachone for the treatment of gastric diseases . Additionally, cellulose-based materials, having less thrombogenic effects than commercial poly­(vinyl alcohol)-based electrodes, can be used as glucose biosensors for human blood samples. , In addition to their biological properties, these materials are abundant in agricultural and animal wastes, making them attractive for use in biomedical applications. For example, in nature, the content of cellulose in the cell walls of plants is close to 40%, making cellulose a ubiquitous component to contribute its mechanical properties to plant cells, and gelatin is a common sustainable protein-based biomaterial that exists in the skin and connective tissues of animals .…”

“…Although sustainability is not the most important requirement for the selection of biomaterials for biomedical applications, it is desirable to reduce the use of plastic biomaterials, which is enabled by the abundant sources of biomass materials. Moreover, the above-mentioned examples prove that biomass materials can exhibit fundamental and important biological properties, such as biocompatibility and blood compatibility, − showing that biomass materials have potential for use in biomedical applications.…”