Enhancing astaxanthin yield in Phaffia rhodozyma: current trends and potential of phytohormones

Microbial astaxanthin: from bioprocessing to the market recognition

“…The other approach is focused on genome modifications to improve the biosynthesis of AXT, namely, through plasma mutagenesis under atmospheric and room temperature conditions (Zhuang et al 2020 ), NTG mutagenesis, UV radiation (Xie et al 2014a , b ), chemicals (N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)) (Ang et al 2019 ), or the regulation of crtS and crtR gene activity (Torres-Haro et al 2021 ). Recently, a strong movement towards the use of phytohormones in AXT biosynthesis by the yeast P. rhodozyma has been reported (Nutakor et al 2022 ). P. rhodozyma was isolated from deciduous tree slime fluxes; thus, the use of phytohormones and plant growth stimulants could be a promising way to increase the efficiency of AXT biosynthesis (Nutakor et al 2022 ).…”

High astaxanthin production by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous strain DW6 from cane molasses using two-stage pH strategies

“…18,19 With the rapid development of synthetic biology, some model microorganisms including Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica have also been genetically constructed for the exogenous synthesis of astaxanthin, however, the safety of the microbial hosts, the instability of the engineered strains and the long fermentation duration also limit their applications. 20 Therefore, most studies still focus on screening or construction of new astaxanthin producing strains with high astaxanthin production levels and the optimization of the fermentation process to improve the astaxanthin production efficiency. 21 In this study, a novel astaxanthin producing X. dendrorhous strain DW6 was first isolated, which showed a wide substrate spectrum.…”

Metabolic mechanism of astaxanthin biosynthesis in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous in response to sodium citrate treatment

“…Astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-4,4'-dione-β,β-carotene) is an important orange-red carotenoid pigment with high commercial and biotechnological interests because of its strong antioxidant activity, it has widely applications in the food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, aquaculture and cosmetic industries (Kanwugu et al, 2022). Due to the widespread use of astaxanthin and its various biological activities, the global astaxanthin market has grown signi cantly in recent years (Gervasi et al, 2019;Nutakor et al, 2022). The production of natural astaxanthin based on microorganisms, including microalgae and yeast, has attracted more attention for its several advantages, including safe, a shorter production cycle, environmental friendliness, and large-scale industrial production (Bauer & Minceva, 2021;Harith et al, 2020;Yu et al, 2022).…”

“…Therefore, the new strategy regulating X. dendrorhous to accumulate astaxanthin e ciently needs to be explored (Torres-Haro et al, 2021b). The chemical stimulants has recently been reported to be a very effective and economical approach to improve the accumulation of high-value bioproducts in microorganisms, such as vitamins, trace elements, fungal elicitors, sucrose and ethylene (Nutakor et al, 2022;Schewe et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2019). Phytohormones play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of astaxanthin, which is effective at low concentrations, and are very important for the growth of X.dendrorhous (Nutakor et al, 2022;Pan et al, 2020).…”

“…The chemical stimulants has recently been reported to be a very effective and economical approach to improve the accumulation of high-value bioproducts in microorganisms, such as vitamins, trace elements, fungal elicitors, sucrose and ethylene (Nutakor et al, 2022;Schewe et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2019). Phytohormones play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of astaxanthin, which is effective at low concentrations, and are very important for the growth of X.dendrorhous (Nutakor et al, 2022;Pan et al, 2020). Furthermore, the exogenous addition of glycerol, mevalonate, glutamate, citrate, succinate and other molecules as inductors may affect the synthesis of astaxanthin (Li et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2019).…”