Enhancement of the Peroxidase Activity of g-C₃N₄ with Different Morphologies for Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Antibiotics

Abstract

The classes and forms of antibiotics directly determine their ecotoxicity and environmental chemical behavior, and developing a sensor array for simultaneous and in situ detection of antibiotics is highly anticipated. In this study, different morphologies of g-C 3 N 4 with different fluorescence properties and peroxidase activity were prepared by regulating the degree of interlayer stacking and planar connectivity. Subsequently, in order to enhance its enzyme activity and amplify the differences in response signals to different antibiotics, three morphologies of g-C 3 N 4 /MIL-101(Fe) were prepared by in situ growth of equivalent amounts of MIL-101(Fe) on g-C 3 N 4 , respectively. The sensor array constructed based on the cross-response signals between g-C 3 N 4 /MIL-101(Fe) and antibiotics not only realized the simultaneous detection of quinolones, furans, tetracyclines, and lincomamides but also could efficiently identify their seven different forms. In the range of 0.2−0.8 ppm, the minimum detection limit for antibiotics was 12 ppb. In addition, the recovery experiments of multicomponent-mixed antibiotics in environmental samples show that the recovery rate remained at 91.42− 107.59%, confirming the reliability and practicality of the sensor array. This study not only revealed the influence of crystal morphology regulation on the optical properties and enzyme activities of nanozymes, but also provided support for tracing, ecological remediation, and in situ environmental chemical behavior research of antibiotics.

Nanozymes: powerful catalytic materials for environmental pollutant detection and degradation

“…With this principle, several studies have been reported to develop nanozyme catalysis-based assays of antibiotics. 137–140,150 Che et al synthesized three shapes of g-C 3 N 4 with different peroxidase and fluorescence properties via adjusting the degrees of planar connectivity and interlayer stacking. 150 To improve enzymatic activity and amplify the difference in signals toward different antibiotics, in situ growth of an equivalent amount of MIL-101(Fe) on the three morphologies of g-C 3 N 4 was performed.…”

“…137–140,150 Che et al synthesized three shapes of g-C 3 N 4 with different peroxidase and fluorescence properties via adjusting the degrees of planar connectivity and interlayer stacking. 150 To improve enzymatic activity and amplify the difference in signals toward different antibiotics, in situ growth of an equivalent amount of MIL-101(Fe) on the three morphologies of g-C 3 N 4 was performed. The constructed sensor array based on the cross-response response between antibiotics and g-C 3 N 4 /MIL-101(Fe) not only obtained synchronous determination of furans, quinolones, lincosamides, and tetracyclines but could also differentiate different forms of them efficiently.…”

Construction and Application of Nanozyme Sensor Arrays

“…They achieved sensitive and accurate identification of mixed samples and samples in actual environments . Che et al made MIL-101­(Fe) grow on three different morphologies of g-C3N4 and built a sensor array to distinguish antibiotics using the different responses of the three materials . Seven different forms of four classes of antibiotics, including quinolones, furans, tetracyclines, and lincomamides, were clearly identified.…”

Multiple-Emitting Luminescent Metal–Organic Framework as an Array-on-a-MOF for Rapid Screening and Discrimination of Nitroaromatics

“…Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are widely applied in fluorescence sensing areas owing to their well-ordered porous structures, adjustable composition, and luminescent properties. − Fluorescence arrays based on multiple separated MOF sensors have also been explored to the detection and differentiation of multiple targets, such as biomolecules, volatile organic compounds, antibiotics, and perfluoroalkyl substances. − The luminescence of MOFs mainly comes from the direct excitation of organic ligands and metal center emission, such as lanthanide luminescence induced by the antenna effect. , Luminescent guests (e.g., quantum dots and fluorescent dyes) can also be encapsulated into the pores of MOFs as additional emission centers . Accordingly, multiemitting MOFs can be designed and prepared by finely controlling the emitters with different emission mechanisms. , We expect that applying multiemitting MOF as a single sensor array may realize the simultaneous acquisition of multiple sensing information from a single matrix using the single fluorescence source, largely simplifying the multianalyte discrimination process.…”