“…During the dye sensitized solar cell fabrication and operation, dye and semiconductor play an important role for obtaining e cient power generation. Dyes including, natural (Ludin et al 2014, Mary Rosana et al 2020, Narayan 2012, Shalini et al 2015, organometallic (Almalki et al 2021, Chen et al 2009, Chen et al 2008, Chen et al 2006, Joseph et al 2016, Klein et al 2005, and organic dyes (Abusaif et al 2021, Joseph et al 2019, Mahmood 2016, Mishra et al 2009, Thomas et al 2021 were reported for obtaining high power conversion e ciencies among the DSSCs. There are number of metal oxide nanoparticles utilized as the semiconductors for the better performance of DSSCs (Abdelnasser et al 2020, Jose et al 2009, Prakash 2012, Sadegh et al 2021, Vittal &Ho 2017.…”