Enhancement of Text Steganography Technique Using Lempel-Ziv-Welch Algorithm and Two-Letter Word Technique

Baawi, Salwa Shakir; Mokhtar, Mohd Rosmadi; Sulaiman, Riza

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99007-1_49

Cited by 14 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Apart from whitespaces, the Unicode standard also provides some totally invisible symbols, which are provided as zero-width whitespaces. These symbols, together with whitespaces, have been exploited to watermark HTML pages [48,49] and more generally to hide hidden messages in the text [50].…”

Section: Structural Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine-grain watermarking for intellectual property protection

Rizzo

Bertini

Montesi

2019

EURASIP J. on Info. Security

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The current online digital world, consisting of thousands of newspapers, blogs, social media, and cloud file sharing services, is providing easy and unlimited access to a large treasure of text contents. Making copies of these text contents is simple and virtually costless. As a result, producers and owners of text content are interested in the protection of their intellectual property (IP) rights. Digital watermarking has become crucially important in the protection of digital contents. Out of all, text watermarking poses many challenges, since text is characterized by a low capacity to embed a watermark and allows only a restricted number of alternative syntactic and semantic permutations. This becomes even harder when authors want to protect not just a whole book or article, but each single sentence or paragraph, a problem well known to copyright law. In this paper, we present a fine-grain text watermarking method that protects even small portions of the digital content. The core method is based on homoglyph characters substitution for latin symbols and whitespaces. It allows to produce a watermarked version of the original text, preserving the anonymity of the users according to the right to privacy. In particular, the embedding and extraction algorithms allow to continuously protect the watermark through the whole document in a fine-grain fashion. It ensures visual indistinguishability and length preservation, meaning that it does not cause overhead to the original document, and it is robust to the copy and past of small excerpts of the text. We use a real dataset of 1.8 million New York articles to evaluate our method. We evaluate and compare the robustness against common attacks, and we propose a new measure for partial copy and paste robustness. The results show the effectiveness of our approach providing an average length of 101 characters needed to embed the watermark and allowing to protect paragraph-long excerpt or smaller the 94.5% of the times.

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Section: Structural Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine-grain watermarking for intellectual property protection

Rizzo

Bertini

Montesi

2019

EURASIP J. on Info. Security

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“…Venkatraman et al [37] noted that robustness is essential when responding to malevolent and unwanted attacks. Figure 4 depicts the main requisites for a steganography setup [38]. The following segment comprehensively elucidates the discussed attributes.…”

Section: Attributes Of Steganographymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Text Steganography Techniques

et al. 2021

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There has been a persistent requirement for safeguarding documents and the data they contain, either in printed or electronic form. This is because the fabrication and faking of documents is prevalent globally, resulting in significant losses for individuals, societies, and industrial sectors, in addition to national security. Therefore, individuals are concerned about protecting their work and avoiding these unlawful actions. Different techniques, such as steganography, cryptography, and coding, have been deployed to protect valuable information. Steganography is an appropriate method, in which the user is able to conceal a message inside another message (cover media). Most of the research on steganography utilizes cover media, such as videos, images, and sounds. Notably, text steganography is usually not given priority because of the difficulties in identifying redundant bits in a text file. To embed information within a document, its attributes must be changed. These attributes may be non-displayed characters, spaces, resized fonts, or purposeful misspellings scattered throughout the text. However, this would be detectable by an attacker or other third party because of the minor change in the document. To address this issue, it is necessary to change the document in such a manner that the change would not be visible to the eye, but could still be decoded using a computer. In this paper, an overview of existing research in this area is provided. First, we provide basic information about text steganography and its general procedure. Next, three classes of text steganography are explained: statistical and random generation, format-based methodologies, and linguistics. The techniques related to each class are analyzed, and particularly the manner in which a unique strategy is provided for hiding secret data. Furthermore, we review the existing works in the development of approaches and algorithms related to text steganography; this review is not exhaustive, and covers research published from 2016 to 2021. This paper aims to assist fellow researchers by compiling the current methods, challenges, and future directions in this field.

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“…In the Unicode, there are special zero-width characters (ZWC) which are employed to provide specific entities such as Zero Width Joiner (ZWJ), e.g., ZWJ joins two supportable characters together in particular languages, POP directional, and Zero Width Non-Joiner (ZWNJ), etc. Practically, the ZWC characters do not have traces, widths or written symbol in digital texts [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 11 , 15 , 18 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 33 , 34 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 ,…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, demand is growing for intelligence and multimedia security studies that involve not only encryption, but also covert communication whose essence lies in concealing data [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Recently, information hiding or data hiding in digital texts, known as text hiding, has drawn considerable attention due to its extensive usage, and potential applications in the cybersecurity and network communication industries [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 5...…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern Text Hiding, Text Steganalysis, and Applications: A Comparative Analysis

Ahvanooey

Hou

et al. 2019

Entropy

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Modern text hiding is an intelligent programming technique which embeds a secret message/watermark into a cover text message/file in a hidden way to protect confidential information. Recently, text hiding in the form of watermarking and steganography has found broad applications in, for instance, covert communication, copyright protection, content authentication, etc. In contrast to text hiding, text steganalysis is the process and science of identifying whether a given carrier text file/message has hidden information in it, and, if possible, extracting/detecting the embedded hidden information. This paper presents an overview of state of the art of the text hiding area, and provides a comparative analysis of recent techniques, especially those focused on marking structural characteristics of digital text message/file to hide secret bits. Also, we discuss different types of attacks and their effects to highlight the pros and cons of the recently introduced approaches. Finally, we recommend some directions and guidelines for future works.

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Enhancement of Text Steganography Technique Using Lempel-Ziv-Welch Algorithm and Two-Letter Word Technique

Cited by 14 publications

References 10 publications

Fine-grain watermarking for intellectual property protection

Fine-grain watermarking for intellectual property protection

A Review on Text Steganography Techniques

Modern Text Hiding, Text Steganalysis, and Applications: A Comparative Analysis

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