Enhancement of recall using multiple environmental contexts during learning

Smith, Steven M.

doi:10.3758/bf03197642

Cited by 103 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…Also, environmental contexts during encoding aid memory when reinstated at the time of retrieval. The room in which information was originally encoded, for example, provides effective retrieval cues [ 19,20] . If an elderly adult simply does not know that remembering depends on these different kinds of retrieval cues, it is unlikely that their construction or use would be implemented in a retrieval strategy.…”

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confidence: 99%

Adult Age Differences in Knowledge of Retrieval Processes

Anooshian

Mammarella

Hertel

1989

Int J Aging Hum Dev

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We assessed knowledge of retrieval processes in young (25–35 years) and old adults (70–85 years). Both feeling-of-knowing judgments and retrieval monitoring were examined with a set of questions about recent news events. For answers that participants initially failed to recall, they rated their feeling-of-knowing as well as made predictions regarding the likelihood of recalling the answer with the aid of a specified type of retrieval cue (retrieval monitoring). Accuracy was evaluated in the context of later recall or recognition performance. We found age group differences in the accuracy of retrieval monitoring, free recall, and recall aided by phonological cues. Using a separate inventory, we found no evidence for age group differences in participants' knowledge of general retrieval principles.

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confidence: 99%

Adult Age Differences in Knowledge of Retrieval Processes

Anooshian

Mammarella

Hertel

1989

Int J Aging Hum Dev

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“…For our contractor, this proposal would enable him to discriminate where to send the drywall because he would have diagnostic cues, such as different environments for each of the projects, to aid him in retrieval of the correct order. Indeed, past psychology research has shown that encoding information in multiple environments increases the ability to recall the learned information later (Smith, 1982(Smith, , 1984. Realistically, though, the costs of moving from room to room would certainly outweigh any memory benefits.…”

Section: Augmenting Context-dependent Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, similar information is often highly confusable and susceptible to interference. One way to keep the information separate would be to associate it with different contexts (Smith, 1982(Smith, , 1984Strand, 1970). One could imagine that interference would be reduced by having a different office for each project and by associating different rooms with different projects.…”

Section: Augmenting Context-dependent Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One way to keep the information separate would be to associate it with different contexts (Smith, 1982(Smith, , 1984Strand, 1970). Past research has shown that environmental context is an effective memory cue when it is used to discriminate between target and interfering memory traces that may be activated at the time of retrieval, thereby facilitating recall of the intended target memory (Nairne, 2002).…”

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Augmenting Context-Dependent Memory

Stefanucci

O'Hargan

Proffítt

2007

Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making

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ABSTRACT:The goal of this study was to design a human-computer interface that would increase the memorability of information presented by providing context as compared with memory with no context. Our focus was in augmenting context-dependent memory because it is a powerful and often unexploited characteristic of human cognition. To amplify this cognitive strength, we built the InfoCockpit, which included a large screen containing projected images of places, a three-dimensional surround-sound system that played ambient noises congruent with the projected images, and a flat-panel monitor that served as the focal display for the presentation of the to-be-remembered information. Participants in our study learned and recalled information in either the InfoCockpit or a standard desktop environment. The InfoCockpit group demonstrated a 131% memory advantage. Contextual factors that were previously found to be effective in isolation created a large effect when presented in combination.CONTEXT-DEPENDENT MEMORY REFERS TO THE FINDING THAT PEOPLE ARE OFTEN BETTER AT remembering information if they return to the place where it was encountered or if they imagine themselves to be in that place. To experience this phenomenon, try to remember what you had for lunch on Wednesday of last week. An effective retrieval strategy is first to recall what you were doing last Wednesday and where you were when you had lunch.Research on context-dependent memory finds consistent advantages for reinstating context

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“…Numerous recent experiments have provided empirical support for the effect in both human (e.g., Block, 1982;Godden & Baddeley, 1975;Hintzman, Block, & Summers, 1973;Smith, 1979Smith, , 1982Smith, Glenberg, & Bjork, 1978) and animal (e.g., lobe, Mellgren, Feinberg, Littlejohn, & Rigby, 1977) research. However, the superiority of same-context testing has not been found across all experimental paradigms (e.g., recall vs. recognition) or instructional sets (see Block, 1982;Nixon & Kanak, 1981;Smith et al, 1978), indicating that the underlying mechanism or mechanisms governing contextual associations have specifiable boundaries of sensitivity.…”

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A theoretical account of the effects of environmental context upon cognitive processes

Nixon

Kanak

1985

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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Although the environmental context effect typically refers to superior performance in the context of original learning, this result is not consistently found across all experimental paradigms or instructional sets. Thus far, a precise statement ofthe underlying mechanisms and boundaries of the context effect has been absent from the literature, with the research having focused primarily on the robustness of the effect. The current exposition of a theoretical model and interpretation of the environmental context effect not only provides an explanation of the same-context testing superiority, but also provides the necessary parameters allowing for the prediction of situations in which same-context testing should not be superior. Furthermore, the model has implications for complex learning situations which have not been tested in the research literature. The current model is grounded in the principles of classical conditioning. Thus, it is assumed that environmental context stimuli function in the same way that classically conditioned stimuli do and, as such, have effects on the various phenomena and processes associated with classical conditioning (e.g., acquisition, transfer, extinction and spontaneous recovery, and latent inhibition). Furthermore, the saliency of such stimuli should be subject to boundaries analogous to those affecting other conditioned stimuli.The environmental context effect, representing superior memory for information learned and tested in the same as opposed to different environments, has been accorded theoretical significance throughout the history of modern experimental psychology (e.g., McGeoch, 1942;McGovern, 1964). Numerous recent experiments have provided empirical support for the effect in both human (e.g.,

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Enhancement of recall using multiple environmental contexts during learning

Cited by 103 publications

References 16 publications

Adult Age Differences in Knowledge of Retrieval Processes

Adult Age Differences in Knowledge of Retrieval Processes

Augmenting Context-Dependent Memory

A theoretical account of the effects of environmental context upon cognitive processes

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