Enhancement of permeability estimation by high order polynomial regression for capillary pressure curve correlation with water saturation

This study intends to shed light on associated gas from an economic standpoint, due to its various applications instead of oil, and from an environmental standpoint, due to the damage it does when burned during crude oil extraction. APG is a key raw material in the production of electricity and heating energy, as well as a variety of petrochemical products. Furthermore, APG has higher levels of water, which is known as wet gas, and hydrogen sulphide, which is known as sour gas. Helium, a marginally useful by-product, may be discovered in significant quantities. Different countries(Russia, Iraq, Iran, the US, Algeria, Venezuela, and Nigeria) have been the most prominent flare-ups over the past nine years. Also, these countries produced approximately 40% of the world’s oil per year, however they are also responsible for almost two-thirds (65%) of the world’s gas flaring. Flaring associated petroleum gas occurs for a variety of causes, which may be divided into difficult causes and soft causes. On another hand, When gas is flared, a considerable amount of pollutants are emitted. Flare stack smoke indicates an inefficient combustion process, which increases the volume of harmful pollutants generated into the surrounding environment, such as volatile organic compounds.

Section: The Environmental Effects Of the Flare Gasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associated Petroleum Gas: Environmental, Utilization, and Economic Rationale

Al-Rubaye,

Jasim,

Jassam

et al. 2023

“…As one of the best environmentally friendly and economical methods, the water produced during the oil production process is treated and re-injected into the reservoir. Furthermore, the potential impact on recovery and CO₂ storage capacity of chemical reactions caused by CO₂ injections with water is a major cause for worry [11]. A low pH solution may be formed as a result of CO 2 interacting with the rock, which has the potential to change the mineralogy of the rock.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhance Tight Oil Reservoir Recovery Based on Co₂-Water Flooding as Environmentally Friendly Method: Case Study

Al-Rubaye,

Jassam,

Abed

et al. 2024

In most cases, a tight oil reservoir is characterized by a high capillary pressure, a complex interaction between oil and water, and the absence of a consistent Oil-Water Contact (OWC) or pressure distribution. It is possible that the incorporation of carbon dioxide would be significant due to the fact that it has the capability of reducing the viscosity of crude oil following the injection of CO2 and increasing the sweep efficiency in porous media. Waterflood recovery, on the other hand, has emerged as the preeminent form of oil recovery due to a number of technological and economic factors. This approach is responsible for the vast majority of the oil that is produced around the world. Some of the potential challenges that may be ascribed to water injection include fluid incompatibility, reservoir heterogeneity, early breakthrough through thief zones, permeability deterioration caused by particles in suspension, and clay swelling. These are only some of the potential hurdles. The development of the Sa’di reservoir in the Halfaya oilfield was investigated in this study. The assumption that the reservoir is comprised of four wells provided the basis for the investigation. The Sa’di-B reservoir research has as its major purpose the prediction of future reservoir performance depending on a variety of production scenarios, as well as the selection of the reservoir development strategy that is both the most efficient and the most environmentally friendly. As a consequence of the findings, oil production starts to gradually decrease after five years of production, which is accompanied by an increase in water cut. This is because the reservoir is a type of tight reservoir, and the OWC starts to climb over its normal level. In order to solve this issue, it is recommended that the perforation locations be moved away from OWC. As a result, it is possible to reach the conclusion that the method of increasing crude oil production through the use of carbon dioxide flooding and water re-injection is among the most environmentally benign approaches.

“…Climate change, the need for more fresh water, and the development of new energy sources are all problems that the world is now facing. Nonetheless, while reaching permissible discharge limitations, effective oil produced water treatment technologies keep on to be an important issue for the oil and gas industry [8] [9]. The aim of this paper is to briefly review the challenges and problems of produced water, as well as treatment methods during oil and gas production processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods of Treating Produced Water During Oil and Gas Production Processes

Al-Rubaye,

Jasim,

Jassam

et al. 2023

In generally, the total volume of produced water, also known as water cut, varies from well to well, as well as based on the type of reservoir, whether it is a gas or oil reservoir, as well as the characteristics of the reservoir rocks, including permeability. Based on the type of reservoir (oil or gas), where it is located of the field, the geologic formation, and the type of hydrocarbons product being produced, the physical and chemical characteristics of produced water, such as hardness, PH, total suspended solids, conductivity, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, and chloride, vary significantly. Oil and gas extraction produces water that is considered as wastewater and requires expensive control. There are three fundamental approaches for avoiding or reducing the damage and pollution caused by water. These include employing inside-the-reservoir ways to limit generated water, applying contemporary methods of treatment and making this water harmless, and re-injecting the water into the reservoir. On another hand, Between 1987 and 1999, chemicals might be used during drilling and processing to reduce solid deposit on equipment and casings, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This study aims to provide a quick overview of produced water issues and treatment solutions applied during the oil and gas production processes.