“…However, to overcome the small molecular size of winter flounder AFPs, the AFPs were produced as chimeric proteins, AFP multimers, or AFP with multiple 11-amino acid repeats (10 -14). Recent achievements in the engineering of E. coli heterologous protein excretion systems (15)(16)(17) have provided an attractive and alternative approach to the construction of recombinant strains for the large-scale production of secreted AFPs, which can be easily purified from culture medium. Moreover, such a strain may facilitate mutagenic manipulation to produce AFP mutants.…”