Enhancement of energy production by black ginger extract containing polymethoxy flavonoids in myocytes through improving glucose, lactic acid and lipid metabolism

Abstract

Enhancement of muscular energy production is thought to improve locomotive functions and prevent metabolic syndromes including diabetes and lipidemia. Black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) has been cultivated for traditional medicine in Thailand. Recent studies have shown that black ginger extract (KPE) activated brown adipocytes and lipolysis in white adipose tissue, which may cure obesity-related dysfunction of lipid metabolism. However, the effect of KPE on glucose and lipid utilization in muscle cells has not been examined yet. Hence, we evaluated the effect of KPE and its constituents on energy metabolism in pre-differentiated (p) and differentiated (d) C2C12 myoblasts. KPE (0.1-10 μg/ml) was added to pC2C12 cells in the differentiation process for a week or used to treat dC2C12 cells for 24 h. After culturing, parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis were assessed. In terms of the results, KPE enhanced the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose and lactic acid as well as the mRNA expression of glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 and monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1 in both types of cells. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator (PGC)-1α was enhanced in pC2C12 cells. In addition, KPE enhanced the production of ATP and mitochondrial biogenesis. Polymethoxy flavonoids in KPE including 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-3,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone and 5,7-dimethoxyflavone enhanced the expression of GLUT4 and PGC-1α. Moreover, KPE and 5,7-dimethoxyflavone enhanced the phosphorylation of 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). In conclusion, KPE and its polymethoxy flavonoids were found to enhance energy metabolism in myocytes. KPE may improve the dysfunction of muscle metabolism that leads to metabolic syndrome and locomotive dysfunction.

Enhancement of physical fitness by black ginger extract rich in polymethoxyflavones: a double-blind randomized crossover trial

“…KPE was suggested to improve these decreases. We previously confirmed that PMFs, particularly 5,7-dimethoxyflavone in KPE, improved metabolism in muscle cells by activating AMPK [24]. AMPK is known to play a critical role in the regulation of energy homeostasis and is related to physical fitness, endurance, and fatigue [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48].…”

“…anti-inflammatory, antioxidant [18][19][20][21], anticancer [22,23], muscular metabolismenhancing [24], anti-photoaging [25], phosphodiesterase (PDE)5 inhibitory [26], anti-cardiovascular disease [27], and viral protease inhibitory [28] activities). A large number of studies have investigated the bioactivities of black ginger extract (KPE), which is rich in PMFs [24,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. We also reported that PMFs in KPE improved muscular metabolism through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in myocytes [24].…”

“…A large number of studies have investigated the bioactivities of black ginger extract (KPE), which is rich in PMFs [24,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. We also reported that PMFs in KPE improved muscular metabolism through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in myocytes [24]. Furthermore, clinical trials have been conducted on the effects of KPE physical performance in athletes and elderly subjects [36,37].…”

“…KPE was prepared according to our previously reported method [24]. KPE was obtained from the dried rhizomes of black ginger by extracting with aqueous ethanol (yield 15.9%).…”

Effect of Total Extract of Milk Thistle Fruits on the Absorption of Glycine in the Rats Small Intestine under Physiological Conditions

“…Thus, the existence of the whole organism to a certain extent depends on the functional activity of small intestine. Recently, for the correction of metabolic disorders in humans often use herbal remedies that are gentle action and mild side effects on the background of a broad therapeutic range [1][2][3][4][5][6]. The natural complex of biologically active substances -milk thistle -more than 2 thousand years uses to treat a range of diseases -from inflammation and arthritis to prostate carcinoma and breast cancer [3][4][5][6].…”