“…Two phenomena contribute to the initiation of hot cracks: solid deformation and insufficient convection in the liquid region caused by a large temperature gradient during solidification [137]. Owing AlSi10Mg [117] and (b) 316L stainless steel [115] and surface porosity in (ced) AlSi10Mg alloy [118]. to the rapid heating of the upper surface by the laser beam and relatively slow heat conduction, a steep temperature gradient can be generated.…”