Enhancement of critical heat flux using nano-fluids for Invessel Retention–External Vessel Cooling

A comprehensive review on pool boiling of nanofluids

“…Namely, the presence of nanoparticle layer increases the trapping of liquid due to its porous structure and prevents the vapour layer formation on the surface. Thus, the nucleate boiling incipience delays [56,74] and less bubble is generated at a given heat flux [48,77]. However, when the nanoparticle concentration goes beyond a certain limit, the nanoparticle layer thickness does not increase and thus the CHF is unchanged [59], as shown in Fig.…”

“…In the case of water as working fluid, Collier and Thome [112] declared that CHF was higher in horizontal position than that of vertical position. In contrast, Pham et al [56] obtained higher CHF when the inclined angle increases from horizontal position to vertical. In another study [82], it has been also reported that CHF in the vertical position was a little bit higher than in the horizontal position, depending upon the increase in the thickness of the nanoparticle deposition layer.…”

“…This layer also decreased the contact angle and therefore, resulted in a significant increase in CHF. Pham et al [56] investigated the CHF of water-based Al 2 O 3 , CNT and Al 2 O 3 -CNT nanofluids under atmospheric pressure in an SS test pool. A stainless steel plate inclined at different orientation angles was used as the heating surface.…”

Dispersion stability of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in refrigerant with addition of surfactant

“…However, MWCNTs in refrigerant are likely to form clusters and then settle down due to their high aspect ratio, large surface area and strong Van der Waals attraction force [16,17]. The dispersion stability of MWCNTs in water-surfactant mixture [10,11,16,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] and aqueous solution-surfactant mixture [18] Table 1, and the transmission electron microscope (TEM) photographs are shown in Fig. 1.…”

Enhancement of the critical heat flux in saturated pool boiling of water by nanoparticle-coating and a honeycomb porous plate

“…However, approaches for increasing the IVR capability must be simple and installable at low cost. The use of nanofluids has been proposed in order to enhance the IVR capability in severe accident management strategies for advanced light-water reactors [16,17]. The strategy of using nanofluid for IVR should be applicable to a large heated surface compared to a characteristic length of boiling (capillary length).…”