“…Isoflurane, but not propofol, has been found to increase hypoxiainducible factor-1a and its downstream effectors to promote renal cell carcinoma survival [35] and, in contrast, propofol has been found to inhibit hypoxia-inducible factors in prostate cancer [38]. This is in keeping with total intravenous anaesthesia's predominantly anticancer effects from the literature, and in preclinical data, propofol inhibits invasion of cancer cells [39], is anti-metastatic [40], inhibits the proliferation and migration of oesophageal cancer [41] and induces apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer, colon cancer and ovarian cancer cells [42].…”