Enhancement of anti-inflammatory activity of glycyrrhizic acid by encapsulation in chitosan-katira gum nanoparticles

Bernela, Manju; Ahuja, Munish; Thakur, Rajesh

doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.06.003

Cited by 70 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…For example, glycyrrhizic acid is a secondary metabolite of G. Radix , which is the source of the herbal medicines focused on in this study [14] . Glycyrrhizic acid is used worldwide as a component of pharmaceuticals because it has a strong immunosuppressive (anti-inflammatory immunosuppressant) effect [15] , [16] . In this way, a number of immunosuppressive components have been identified in secondary metabolite products from herbal medicines, and the molecular mechanism of this immunosuppressive effect has also been elucidated in detail.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovery of a sugar-based nanoparticle universally existing in boiling herbal water extracts and their immunostimulant effect

Iitsuka

Koizumi

Inujima

et al. 2018

Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports

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Herbal medicine is mainly prepared from boiling herbal water extracts. Many epoch-making immunosuppressant drugs, such as glycyrrhizic acid (old example) and FTY720 (current example), were developed from herbal secondary metabolites in the boiling water extract by partition with organic solvents. However, few immunostimulants have been discovered by this method. Instead of the usual method, we aimed to find a novel immunostimulant component by two unique methods in the research of herbal medicine: ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy. The immunostimulant was not a secondary metabolite, as expected, but the structure was a nanoparticle formed by a polysaccharide. In addition, we clarified the immune effect of the nanoparticle. Intake of the nanoparticle by phagocytosis resulted in immunostimulant effects by increasing the genes and proteins of inflammatory cytokines in macrophage cells. The immunostimulant effects were inhibited by a phagocytosis inhibitor, cytochalasin D. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to describe the discovery of a nanoparticle in boiling herbal water extracts and its immunostimulant properties. This study will provide additional understanding of the efficacy of herbal medicine, in that the immunostimulant nanoparticle universally exists in boiling herbal water extracts. Thus, traditional herbal medicine may be an oldest known nanomedicine. Furthermore, this study suggests that the immunostimulant nanoparticle simply can be obtained from herbal medicine only by ultracentrifugation. We hope that this simple strategy will substantially contribute to drug development, including vaccine adjuvant, in the future.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovery of a sugar-based nanoparticle universally existing in boiling herbal water extracts and their immunostimulant effect

Iitsuka

Koizumi

Inujima

et al. 2018

Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports

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“…Blackberry ( Rubus sp) presents large amount of anthocyanins, and it is purple red to blue, tastes sweet acid, and grows in temperate climate. This rustic plant has become a promising element to be in a cosmetic formulation once it presents solar protection factor and antioxidant activity, as studies have demonstrated the antioxidant activities and health benefits of the anthocyanins …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro antioxidant activity and solar protection factor of blackberry and raspberry extracts in topical formulation

Cefali

Franco

Nicolini

et al. 2018

J of Cosmetic Dermatology

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Background Berries are known for their antioxidant activity due to the presence of flavonoids. Antioxidants’ usage guarantees skin protection against free radicals and, flavonoids, especially, can act as sunscreen. The aim of this paper was to evaluate solar protection factor (SPF) and antioxidant activity in vitro of blackberry and raspberry extracts incorporated in topical formulation and study their stability. Results Raspberry presented 29.93 mg of anthocyanins/100 g of fruit and blackberry 65.58 mg of anthocyanins/100 g of fruit. In vitro solar protection factor was 54.57 to blackberry and 37.32 to raspberry. When incorporated in O/W emulsions, final formulations showed light pink color, creamy aspect, and typical fruity odor. Formulations submitted to indirect light and stove showed odor and color alterations. Conclusions Based on the results, formulations containing extracts should be kept under refrigeration in opaque package to ensure stability due to the presence of flavonoids. In addition, blackberry and raspberry extracts are potential natural alternatives to be used as sunscreen and to prevent skin aging.

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“…Most components with increased intensity in SCRTD compared with SCRTM (Table ) have an anti‐inflammatory effect; they include ephedrine (Z.P. Wu et al, ), glycyrrhizic acid (Bernela, Ahuja, & Thakur, ), 6‐gingerol (Y. Li et al, , Justo et al, ), liquiritigenin (Y.W. Kim et al, ), gomisin, schisandrin (S.Y.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are lots of other anti‐inflammatory components in SCRT, like ephedrine (Z.P. Wu et al, ), glycyrrihizic acid (Bernela et al, ), 6‐gingerol (Y. Li et al, ; Justo et al, ) and components that can be affected by the metabolism of those components. Therefore SCRT could have an effect on iNOS rather than COX‐2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of interactions between multiple components in Socheongryong‐tang using a plant profiling approach

Lee

Kang

et al. 2019

Biomedical Chromatography

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Traditional herbal medicine consists of multiple components. There are interactions among the components, which affect both potency and toxicity. The preparation of herbal medicines can be a cause of interactions between multicomponents in herbs.To demonstrate the differences in multiherb interactions based on the preparation methods, the changes in the active components in the different preparations of Socheongryong-tang (SCRT) were evaluated using metabolomics profiling. We performed multicomponent profiling of the decoction of SCRT (SCRTD) and individual herb mixture (SCRTM) using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS). Active compounds from SCRTD and SCRTM were identified using multivariate analysis, and the activities between the two groups were compared. We also evaluated the antiinflammatory effect of SCRT through investigating the protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage RAW 264.7 cells in both groups. From the multivariate analysis, 53 active compounds that have different intensities between SCRTD and SCRTM were identified. The intensities of those components, such as ephedrines, glycyrrhizic acid, 6-gingerol and (2E,4E,8Z,10E)-Nisobutyl-2,4,8,10-dodecatetraenamide, which is newly identified in Asiasarum heterotropoides, were mostly higher in SCRTD than in SCRTM, which was related to the anti-inflammatory effect. From the iNOS inhibition test, it was found that SCRTD had a stronger anti-inflammatory effect than SCRTM. It was demonstrated that multicomponent interactions can be changed by the preparation method, and finally the anti-inflammatory effect in SCRT can be affected. KEYWORDS multicomponent interactions, plant profiling approach, Socheongryong-tang, UPLC-QTOF-MS Abbreviations: AP-1, activator protein-1; GC, gas chromatography; IRF-3, interferon regulatory factor-3; LC, lipid chromatography; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MyD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88; NF-κB, activation of nuclear factor-kappa B; PCA, principal component analysis; PLS-DA, partial least square discriminant analysis; QTOF, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight; SCRT, Socheongryong-tang; SCRT_PM, mixture of original plants; SCRTD, decoction of Socheongryong-tang; SCRTM, individual herb mixture of Socheongryong-tang; SHXXT, San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang; STAT1, single transducers and activators of transcription 1; TRIF, toll-interleukin-1R domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-β

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Enhancement of anti-inflammatory activity of glycyrrhizic acid by encapsulation in chitosan-katira gum nanoparticles

Cited by 70 publications

References 30 publications

Discovery of a sugar-based nanoparticle universally existing in boiling herbal water extracts and their immunostimulant effect

Discovery of a sugar-based nanoparticle universally existing in boiling herbal water extracts and their immunostimulant effect

In vitro antioxidant activity and solar protection factor of blackberry and raspberry extracts in topical formulation

Identification of interactions between multiple components in Socheongryong‐tang using a plant profiling approach

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