Enhancement and diminution of the evoked responses to conditioned stimuli during discrimination conditioning

Sugawara, Masakazu; Kitajima, Shoji; Kanoh, Minami

doi:10.1016/0028-3932(77)90032-x

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The latter may require many trials. But concomitant measures of the OR indicate that the individual previously learned to selectively orient to the appropriate cue (Sugawara, Kitajima, & Kanoh, 1977). Classical conditioning of the GSR ordinarily involves discrimination, not response differentiation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habituation of orienting reflexes in repeated GSR semantic conditioning sessions.

Maltzman¹,

Weissbluth²,

Wolff³

1978

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Sixteen male college students participated in a semantic conditioning experiment which consisted of five successive daily sessions of 40 conditioning trials each preceded by the presentation of a list of common words. The conditioned stimulus (CS)-unconditioned stimulus (UCS) interval during conditioning was 10 sec, and the UCS was a ,5-sec 110 dH (A) white noise. Neutral unrelated filler words were interspersed between conditioning trials. On the fourth and fifth days, the room lights were dimmed for .5 sec cither 5 sec prior to the CS or simultaneously with the CS on 5 different trials. A second kind of stimulus change was examined following 40 conditioning trials on Day 5, omission of the UCS, and the effects of different instructions. The palmar galvanic skin response (GSR) and cephalic vasomotor responses were recorded throughout the experiment. During conditioning these responses were scored .5-5.5 sec and 5.5-10.5 sec following the CS, selected control words, and the UCS. Also scored were UCS omission responses during extinction.There was little evidence of differential semantic conditioning of either cephalic vasodilation or vasoconstriction, presumed measures of orienting and defensive reflexes, respectively. There was extensive habituation of the GSR within and between days in the sessions preceding conditioning. Extensive inhibition of reinforcement, decreased conditioned responses with continued reinforcement, occurred during conditioning of the GSR. Superior differential conditioning of first-as compared to second-interval GSRs was obtained each day with no evidence that second-interval responses anticipate the UCS. The two kinds of stimulus change produced different effects. Dimming of the lights simultaneously with the CS resulted in a large augmentation of the GSR at the time, with no effect on differential semantic conditioning on subsequent trials. Omission of the UCS, in contrast, produced augmented differential conditioning on the following trial. The results were interpreted in terms of voluntary and involuntary orienting responses reflected in the GSRs induced in the various phases of the experiment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habituation of orienting reflexes in repeated GSR semantic conditioning sessions.

Maltzman¹,

Weissbluth²,

Wolff³

1978

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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“…There are several reports on the effects of sensory conditioning on ERP responses (Begleiter & Platz, 1969; Sugawara, Kitajima, & Kanoh, 1977). However, these early studies did not use affective pictures such as those indicated in the previous section, making a direct comparison difficult.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The P3 Event-Related Potential as an Index of Motivational Relevance

Franken

Strien

Bocanegra

et al. 2011

Journal of Psychophysiology

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Watching motivationally relevant pictures modulates two types of event-related brain potentials (ERPs), the early posterior negativity (EPN) and the P3. Several studies show that the EPN and P3 to emotional stimuli are enhanced as compared to neutral stimuli. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether experimentally conditioned abstract stimuli (Gabor patches) that predict the occurrence of a subsequent emotional event are able to elicit an enhanced EPN and P3. This would confirm that these ERP components indeed reflect the motivational relevance of a stimulus, rather than other stimulus properties such as complexity. In a conditioning paradigm, abstract patches (conditioned stimuli; CS) were contingently paired with emotional or neutral pictures (unconditioned stimuli; UCS). Both EPN and P3 to these CS were measured in 80 healthy participants. The results demonstrate an enhanced P3 to CS predicting emotional stimuli as compared to CS predicting neutral stimuli. The EPN was not modulated by the CS. These results show that the P3 is a suitable index of acquired motivational relevance and is not, at least not completely, dependent on task-irrelevant stimulus properties such as complexity and contrast. The EPN seems less suitable as an index of recently acquired motivational relevance because, although the CS acquired emotional significance, this did not result in the typical EPN modulation.

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“…The late positive potential (LPP) is a positive deflection in voltage with a latency of roughly 400-700 ms most often associated with responses to affective stimuli (Schupp et al, 2000;Versace et al, 2011Versace et al, , 2017. A number of studies have found that FC enhances the LPP occurring more than 400+ ms after CS+ (Skrandies & Jedynak, 2000;Sugawara et al, 1977;Wong et al, 1994). A recent study on the impact of THC on LPP amplitude during a cognitive information processing task suggest that THC may decrease overall amplitude of the LPP during information processing (Richard et al, 2021), but we are not aware of any study that has assessed the effects of cannabinoids on LPPs evoked by fear-related or other affective stimuli.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facilitated extinction of conditioned fear responses by delta 9‐tetrahyrdrocannabidol in humans: a pilot study

Diggs

Gilbert

2022

Human Psychopharmacology

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Objective We sought to determine whether acute delta 9‐tetrahyrdrocannabidol (THC) administration would facilitate fear extinction in young occasional cannabis users, given that animal models indicate THC facilitates extinction learning, and recent studies indicate THC administration may also enhance threat memory extinction in humans. Methods On each of the 2 days, 24+ hour THC‐deprived participants were conditioned to fear visual stimuli in a delay conditioning and extinction paradigm. Both CS+ and CS− were faces of negative emotional valence, with the CS+ paired with mild electric shock. Throughout both conditioning and extinction paradigms, EEG was measured to quantify event‐related potentials for these learning processes. Following conditioning, individuals, in a randomized and counter‐balanced order, smoked either an active THC cigarette (26.25 mg/2.7% THC) or a placebo marijuana cigarette (0.002% THC) on 1 day and the opposite cigarette on the second day. After smoking, CS+ and CS− were presented without shock, resulting in extinction of conditioned fear. Results Relative to placebo, THC facilitated extinction of the conditioned response to the CS+, as reflected by reductions in late positive potential amplitude during extinction learning. Conclusions The results indicate that acute THC administration may facilitate extinction of the conditioned fear response in humans.

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Enhancement and diminution of the evoked responses to conditioned stimuli during discrimination conditioning

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Habituation of orienting reflexes in repeated GSR semantic conditioning sessions.

Habituation of orienting reflexes in repeated GSR semantic conditioning sessions.

The P3 Event-Related Potential as an Index of Motivational Relevance

Facilitated extinction of conditioned fear responses by delta 9‐tetrahyrdrocannabidol in humans: a pilot study

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