Enhanced Time-Slotted Channel Hopping in WSNs Using Non-intrusive Channel-Quality Estimation

Tavakoli, Rasool; Nabi, Majid; Basten, Twan; Goossens, Kees

doi:10.1109/mass.2015.48

Cited by 28 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…We propose NICE to perform the EDs on different frequency channels at coordinator and without any bandwidth cost to the protocol in [31]. Here we use the same examples given in [31] to describe the functionality of this technique. In the following, we first look at the TSCH communication diagram and then explain our NICE technique.…”

Section: Non-intrusive Channel-quality Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We proposed an Enhanced version of the TSCH protocol (ETSCH) in [31]. ETSCH uses dynamic channel whitelisting, based on the results of a Non-intrusive Channel-quality Estimation (NICE) technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The interference conditions at other nodes of the network may be completely different on some channels. Accordingly, the contributions of the current article compared to our previous work [31] are as follows. 1) In addition to the lab experiments of [31], performance of the ETSCH technique is evaluated under realistic in-vehicle scenarios, using real-world interference data sets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, the contributions of the current article compared to our previous work [31] are as follows. 1) In addition to the lab experiments of [31], performance of the ETSCH technique is evaluated under realistic in-vehicle scenarios, using real-world interference data sets. 2) A Distributed Channel Sensing (DCS) technique is proposed to estimate quality of the employed channels in all the nodes, and collect these quality assessments at the coordinator.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of that, in this paper, we present DCS together with ETSCH, and call the whole mechanism including all the techniques as ETSCH+DCS. To have a complete and coherent story, we also include the summarized results of the ETSCH evaluation of [31]. The next section gives a short description and overview of the TSCH protocol and an application scenario.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Dependable Interference-Aware Time-Slotted Channel Hopping for Wireless Sensor Networks

Tavakoli

Nabi

Basten

et al. 2018

ACM Trans. Sen. Netw.

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IEEE 802.15.4 Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) aims to improve communication reliability in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) by reducing the impact of the medium access contention, multipath fading, and blocking of wireless links. While TSCH outperforms single channel communications, cross-technology interference on the license-free ISM bands may affect the performance of TSCH-based WSNs. For applications such as in-vehicle networks for which interference is dynamic over time, it leads to non-guaranteed reliability of the communications over time. This paper proposes an Enhanced version of the TSCH protocol together with a Distributed Channel Sensing technique (ETSCH+DCS) which dynamically detects good quality channels to be used for communication. The quality of channels is extracted using a combination of a central and a distributed channel-quality estimation technique. The central technique uses Non-Intrusive Channel-quality Estimation (NICE) technique which proactively performs energy detections in the idle part of each timeslot at the coordinator of the network. NICE enables ETSCH to follow dynamic interference, while it does not reduce throughput of the network. The distributed channel quality estimation technique is executed by all the nodes in the network, based on their communication history, to detect interference sources that are hidden from the coordinator. We did two sets of lab experiments with controlled interferers and a number of simulations using real-world interference data sets to evaluate ETSCH. Experimental and simulation results show that ETSCH improves reliability of network communications, compared to basic TSCH and the state of the art solution (ATSCH). In some experimental scenarios NICE itself has been able to increase the average packet reception ratio by 22% and shorten the length of burst packet losses by half, compared to the plain TSCH protocol. Further experiments show that DCS can reduce the effect of hidden interference (which is not detectable by NICE) on the packet reception ratio of the affected links by 50%.

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Section: Non-intrusive Channel-quality Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Dependable Interference-Aware Time-Slotted Channel Hopping for Wireless Sensor Networks

Tavakoli

Nabi

Basten

et al. 2018

ACM Trans. Sen. Netw.

Self Cite

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MABO‐TSCH: Multihop and blacklist‐based optimized time synchronized channel hopping

Gomes

Watteyne

Krishnamachari

2017

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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Emerging Industrial Internet of Things applications, such as smart factories, require reliable communication and robustness against interference from colocated wireless systems. To address these challenges, frequency‐hopping spread spectrum has been used by different protocols, including IEEE802.15.4‐2015 TSCH. Frequency‐hopping spread spectrum can be improved with the aid of blacklists to avoid bad frequencies. The quality of channels in most environments shows significant spatial‐temporal variation, which limits the effectiveness of simple blacklisting schemes. In this article, we propose an enhanced blacklisting solution to improve the TSCH protocol. The proposed algorithms work in a distributed fashion, where each pair of receiver/transmitter nodes negotiates a local blacklist, based on the estimation of packet delivery ratio. We model the channel quality estimation as a multiarmed bandit problem and show that it is possible to create blacklists that provide results close to optimal without any separate learning phase. The proposed algorithms are implemented in OpenWSN and evaluated through simulations in 2 different scenarios with about 40 motes and experiments using an indoor testbed with 40 TelosB motes.

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Multi-Armed Bandit-Based Channel Hopping: Implementation on Embedded Devices

Krentz

Kangas

Voigt

2022

Machine Learning for Networking

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Simulations have shown multi-armed bandit (MAB) algorithms to be suitable for optimizing channel hopping in IEEE 802.15.4 networks. Thus far, however, there appears to be no practical implementation of this approach, presumably because typical IEEE 802.15.4 nodes lack both floating-point units (FPUs) and big amounts of randomaccess memory (RAM). In this paper, we propose fixed-point arithmetic and implementation shortcuts to circumvent these constraints. We focus on two specific multi-armed bandit (MAB) algorithms, namely slidingwindow upper confidence bound (SW-UCB) and its predecessor discounted UCB (D-UCB). SW-UCB is particularly promising since it requires only tractable fixed-point arithmetic, while yielding high packet delivery ratios (PDRs) according to prior work. D-UCB, on the other hand, additionally opens up an implementation shortcut that saves RAM. Our implementations of SW-UCB and D-UCB are integrated into Contiki-NG, yet can also be used out-of-tree in a simulation environment. We show our SW-UCB (resp. D-UCB) implementation to attain PDRs of 98.6% (resp. 99.2%) under appropriate parameter settings in the context of intra-body communication. Also, we demonstrate D-UCB to incur a moderate RAM, program memory, and processing overhead on CC2538 SoCs, whereas we find SW-UCB too RAM-consuming for these chips. Finally, using Monte Carlo simulations, we show our SW-UCB and D-UCB implementations to perform equally well as floating-point counterparts. IntroductionEarly efforts on applying channel hopping to IEEE 802.15.4 networks followed various goals. Two initial ones were to increase throughput and to lower latencies through the use of additional channels [8,20,22,33]. Further ones were to evade channels that are subject to external interference, destructive fading effects, or jamming attacks [8,32,37]. Lastly, there was also the goal of extending communication range since particular channels may benefit from constructive fading effects [32]. Meanwhile, channel hopping became an integral part of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard [2]. The 2020 version of IEEE 802.15.4 specifies three medium access control (MAC) protocols that support channel hopping, namely coordinated sampled listening (CSL), time-slotted channel hopping (TSCH), and carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA).

show abstract

Enhanced Time-Slotted Channel Hopping in WSNs Using Non-intrusive Channel-Quality Estimation

Cited by 28 publications

References 6 publications

Dependable Interference-Aware Time-Slotted Channel Hopping for Wireless Sensor Networks

Dependable Interference-Aware Time-Slotted Channel Hopping for Wireless Sensor Networks

MABO‐TSCH: Multihop and blacklist‐based optimized time synchronized channel hopping

Multi-Armed Bandit-Based Channel Hopping: Implementation on Embedded Devices

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