Enhanced Surveillance of Coccidioidomycosis, Arizona, USA, 2007–2008

Tsang, Clarisse A.; Anderson, Shoana; Imholte, Sara; Erhart, Laura M.; Chen, Sanny; Park, Benjamin J.; Christ, Cara; Komatsu, Kenneth; Chiller, Tom; Sunenshine, Rebecca

doi:10.3201/eid1611.100475

Cited by 113 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Because of the statewide rising incidence of coccidioidal infections, the Arizona Department of Health Services and the CDC undertook an enhanced surveillance program (83). From January 2007 through February 2008, 5,664 patients were reported to the state as newly diagnosed cases of coccidioidomycosis.…”

Section: Estimates Of Disease Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Our Understanding of the Environmental, Epidemiological, Immunological, and Clinical Dimensions of Coccidioidomycosis

et al. 2013

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SUMMARY Coccidioidomycosis is the endemic mycosis caused by the fungal pathogens Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii . This review is a summary of the recent advances that have been made in the understanding of this pathogen, including its mycology, genetics, and niche in the environment. Updates on the epidemiology of the organism emphasize that it is a continuing, significant problem in areas of endemicity. For a variety of reasons, the number of reported coccidioidal infections has increased dramatically over the past decade. While continual improvements in the fields of organ transplantation and management of autoimmune disorders and patients with HIV have led to dilemmas with concurrent infection with coccidioidomycosis, they have also led to advances in the understanding of the human immune response to infection. There have been some advances in therapeutics with the increased use of newer azoles. Lastly, there is an overview of the ongoing search for a preventative vaccine.

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Section: Estimates Of Disease Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Our Understanding of the Environmental, Epidemiological, Immunological, and Clinical Dimensions of Coccidioidomycosis

et al. 2013

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“…During spherule maturation, which in mice takes approximately 4 days, internal cell division and septation results in hundreds of endospores that, if released, can reinitiate spherule growth in the infected tissue. Although many infections resolve without medical intervention, about 40% of infections cause respiratory illnesses that often last weeks to many months (5). In a small percentage of patients, infection disseminates from the lungs hematogenously to produce progressive, protracted, and even fatal complications.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Coccidioides posadasii CPS1 Deletion Mutant Is Avirulent and Protects Mice from Lethal Infection

et al. 2016

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The CPS1 gene was identified as a virulence factor in the maize pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Hypothesizing that the homologous gene in Coccidioides posadasii could be important for virulence, we created a ⌬cps1 deletion mutant which was unable to cause disease in three strains of mice (C57BL/6, BALB/c, or the severely immunodeficient NOD-scid,␥c null [NSG]). Only a single colony was recovered from 1 of 60 C57BL/6 mice following intranasal infections of up to 4,400 spores. Following administration of very high doses (10,000 to 2.5 ؋ 10 7 spores) to NSG and BALB/c mice, spherules were observed in lung sections at time points from day 3 to day 10 postinfection, but nearly all appeared degraded with infrequent endosporulation. Although the role of CPS1 in virulence is not understood, phenotypic alterations and transcription differences of at least 33 genes in the ⌬cps1 strain versus C. posadasii is consistent with both metabolic and regulatory functions for the gene. The in vitro phenotype of the ⌬cps1 strain showed slower growth of mycelia with delayed and lower spore production than C. posadasii, and in vitro spherules were smaller. Vaccination of C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice with live ⌬cps1 spores either intranasally, intraperitoneally, or subcutaneously resulted in over 95% survival with mean residual lung fungal burdens of <1,000 CFU from an otherwise lethal C. posadasii intranasal infection. Considering its apparently complete attenuation of virulence and the high degree of resistance to C. posadasii infection when used as a vaccine, the ⌬cps1 strain is a promising vaccine candidate for preventing coccidioidomycosis in humans or other animals. Coccidioides species (C. immitis and C. posadasii) are the causative agents of coccidioidomycosis (valley fever), an important emerging disease endemic to the southwestern United States and elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere (1-3). Inhalation of a 2-to 4-m arthroconidium (spore) initiates a respiratory infection and grows as a unique parasitic phase structure, the spherule, to 80 to 100 m in diameter (4). During spherule maturation, which in mice takes approximately 4 days, internal cell division and septation results in hundreds of endospores that, if released, can reinitiate spherule growth in the infected tissue. Although many infections resolve without medical intervention, about 40% of infections cause respiratory illnesses that often last weeks to many months (5). In a small percentage of patients, infection disseminates from the lungs hematogenously to produce progressive, protracted, and even fatal complications. With or without clinical illness, most infections produce lifelong immunity to a second coccidioidal infection, and it is this observation that suggests a preventative vaccine could be developed (6).Interest in CPS1 came first from a search for general virulence factors in the maize pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus. In this and other ascomycete cereal grain pathogens, deletion of the CPS1 gene results in reduced virulence on host plants with prod...

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“…Most of these cases are unreported because initial symptoms are not severe and normal resistance prevails over time. Most documented cases come from the U.S. especially from Arizona where, in 2007, approximately 3,000 cases were reported (there were 6000 cases reported nation-wide), with an associated 1735 hospital visits and $86 million in hospital charges (ADHS, 2007(ADHS, , 2010Tsang, et al, 2010).…”

Section: Dust Bowl and Health; Public Health Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migration, Environment and Public Health: Theory and Interdisciplinary Research from a Regional Science Perspective

Sarafoglou¹,

Kafatos²,

Sprigg³

2016

International Journal of Social Science Studies

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As regional climate evolves into new climatic states in different parts of the world, humanity will be facing increasing issues associated with migration environment and health concerns. Challenges of major hazards and impacts on human societies, involving water resources, agriculture, economy and energy issues are central issues. This paper examines the generalization of Tiebout's model in our understanding of the forced

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Enhanced Surveillance of Coccidioidomycosis, Arizona, USA, 2007–2008

Abstract: Additional public and provider education are needed to reduce delays in diagnosis.

Cited by 113 publications

References 16 publications

Recent Advances in Our Understanding of the Environmental, Epidemiological, Immunological, and Clinical Dimensions of Coccidioidomycosis

Recent Advances in Our Understanding of the Environmental, Epidemiological, Immunological, and Clinical Dimensions of Coccidioidomycosis

A Coccidioides posadasii CPS1 Deletion Mutant Is Avirulent and Protects Mice from Lethal Infection

Migration, Environment and Public Health: Theory and Interdisciplinary Research from a Regional Science Perspective

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