Enhanced Sonophotocatalytic Degradation of Acid Red 14 Using Fe3O4@SiO2/PAEDTC@MIL-101 (Fe) Based on Metal-Organic Framework

Abstract

Here, the magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2/PAEDTC@MIL-101 (Fe) with a new core-shell structure was synthesized, and its sonophotocatalytic properties were evaluated for acid red 14 (AR14) degradation. Particle characterizations were determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), and the analysis results offered an excellent synthesis of mesoporous particles. Fe3O4@SiO2/PAEDTC@MIL-101 (Fe)/UV/US showed high degradation kinetics rate (0.0327 min−1) compared to sonocatalytic processes (0.0181 min−1), photocatalytic (0218 min−1), sonolysis (0.008 min−1), and photolysis (0.005 min−1). Maximum removal efficiencies of AR14 (100%) and total organic carbon (69.96%) were obtained at pH of 5, catalyst mass of 0.5 g/L, initial AR14 concentration of 50 mg/L, and ultrasound power of 36 W. Evaluation of BOD5/COD ratio during dye treatment confirmed that the sonophotocatalysis process can be useful for converting major contaminant molecules into biodegradable compounds. After recycling eight times, the prepared composite still has sonophotocatalytic degradation stability above 90% for AR14. Scavenging tests confirmed that holes (h+) and hydroxyl (•OH) were the pivotal agents in the decomposition system. Based on the results, the synthesized sample can be suggested as an excellent and promising sonophotocatalyst for the degradation of AR14 dye and its conversion into biodegradable compounds.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Acacia ehrenbergiana Plant Cortex Extract for Efficient Removal of Rhodamine B Cationic Dye from Wastewater and the Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity

“…In recent years, the high demand for modern technologies has led to water contamination by various pollutants, including toxic organic dyes and microorganisms. Organic dyes are classified into three types: cellulose fiber dyes (direct, sulfur, and indigo dyes), protein fiber dyes (azo, anthraquinone, triarylmethane, and phthalocyanine dyes), and synthetic fiber dyes (disperse and basic dyes). − These dyes are used in various industrial, medical, and biological applications, such as printing, staining, food, textile, paper, drug production, and painting. − However, releasing the aqueous industrial waste of these toxic dyes into natural water resources without pretreatment poses a significant threat to the environment and ecosystem. Such contamination can alter the properties of the soil, which threatens the fauna and flora in the vicinity, in addition to causing the death of microorganisms.…”

Capability of TiO2 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles loaded onto Algae (Scendesmus sp.) as a novel bio-magnetic photocatalyst to degration of Red195 dye in the sonophotocatalytic treatment process under ultrasonic/UVA irradiation

“…This event demonstrates that O 2 molecules were converted into an O 2 •- reaction solution, decreasing the effectiveness from one hundred percent to 66.7% 48 . These findings indicate that the sonophotocatalytic process generates •OH, h + , and O 2 •- in the reaction solution 49 . A potential degradation mechanism for the sonophotocatalytic process has been postulated based on the results of the entrapment test and previous research 6 .…”

Advances on sonophotocatalysis as a water and wastewater treatment technique: efficiency, challenges and process optimisation

“… Al-Hawary et al (2023) depicted the mechanism of sonophotocatalytic treatment of dyes, using acid red 14 (AR14) as a model pollutant as shown in Figure 5 . They reported that the AR14 dye removal can be achieved in solution and catalyst surface through sonolysis and sonocatalytic processes.…”