“…Because evaporation occurs at the interface of water-photothermal materials, the harvesting performance of solar illumination for a given SIES is essential. In the past few years, photothermal conversion materials dedicated to high broadband (across the solar spectra range from 200 to 2500 nm (UV–vis-IR)) light absorption have been reported and fall into two main categories of materials: carbonaceous materials that convert solar energy to heat through lattice vibrations, such as carbon black, , graphene, graphene derivatives, − carbon nanotubes, and biomass carbon materials, , and plasmonic metal nanoparticles (e.g., gold, − aluminum, palladium, , etc.) through the plasmonic localized heating mechanism exhibiting high light absorption.…”