“…where a 3 , a 2 , and a 1 are constants. Certainly, except for the P-I model, other hysteresis models, for instance, the Preisach model, 3 the polynomial model, 3 the Maxwell model, 5 the Bouc-Wen model, 34 the Duhem model, 34,35 and the Dahl, 36 all can be applied in the general electromechanical coupling model to describe the hysteresis nonlinearity for piezoelectric positioning systems.…”