Enhanced short-circuit current density of perovskite solar cells using Zn-doped TiO2 as electron transport layer

Wu, Ming‐Chung; Chan, Shun‐Hsiang; Jao, Meng‐Huan; Su, Wei‐Fang

doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2016.07.003

Cited by 96 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The measured PL decay kinetics were fitted by tri-exponential decay function [73] (Equation 1) The measurement was carried out on the samples consisted of perovskites/ glass substrates or HTM/perovskites/glass substrates.…”

Section: Transient Measurements On the Fpeai Modified Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Environmental Stability Based on a (p‐FC₆H₄C₂H₄NH₃)₂[PbI₄] Capping Layer

Zhou

Liang

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

235

130

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lengths, low exciton binding energy, and ease of solution processability, which promise the perovskite-based photovoltaic devices both high efficiency and low manufacture cost. The intense effort to improve power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) has resulted in PCEs of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) increasing from 3.8% in 2009 [5] to over 23% in 9 years. [6,7] Changes in material composition (e.g., using mixed cations and halides together into a 3D lead−halide perovskites, such as [FA/MA]Pb[I/Br] 3 , [8] [FA/Cs]Pb[I/Br] 3 , [9,10] or [Cs/FA/MA]Pb[I/Br] 3[11] ) have played essential role to improve the performances and structural stability. However, the intrinsic instability of the 3D lead−halide perovskites with regard to moisture, heat, light, and oxygen remains to be entirely circumvented. [12,13] Two main measures have been taken to increase the stability of PSCs: providing sufficient protection to the perovskite material [14] and increasing the intrinsic stability of the perovskite material. [15] More importantly, techniques that can improve device stability without sacrificing the efficiency are critical for the future of PSCs. In this regard, strategies called multidimensional perovskite (MDP) using Ruddlesden-Popper type perovskite (Class I) or low dimensional polymorphs passivated 3D perovskites (Class II) were brought into being increasing the intrinsic stability of the perovskite material. [16] Ruddlesden-Popper phase layered perovskites ((RNH 3 ) 2 (MA) n−1 Pb n X 3n+1 , n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …) [17][18][19][20][21] which was introduced by Smith et al. showed albeit low PCE the superior ambient stability, [18] where RNH 3 are large aliphatic or aromatic ammonium cations represented by n-butylammonium (BA) and 2-phenylethylammonium (PEA). (BA) 2 (MA) 2 Pb 3 I 10 as a light absorber retained its performance after exposure to a highhumidity environment for 60 d. [20] So far the highest reported PCE of Ruddlesden-Popper type perovskite-based solar cell is 15.42%. [22] Very recently, Zhang et al. utilized synchrotron source based in situ measurement to disclose the phase transition kinetics during the crystallization of Ruddlesden-Popper type perovskite. This study provided insight into the relationship between phase purity, quantum well orientation, and photovoltaic performance. [23] On the other hand, the approaches that involve low dimensional polymorphs passivated 3D perovskites, or 3D-2D perovskite stacked structures attracted extensive interest in recent years. This approach features not only the Supported by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, for the first time, a fluorinated aromatic cation, 2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl ammonium iodide (FPEAI), is introduced to grow in situ a low dimensional perovskite layer atop 3D perovskite film with excess PbI 2 . The resulted (p-FC 6 H 4 C 2 H 4 NH 3 ) 2 [PbI 4 ] perovskite functions as a protective capping layer to protect the 3D perovskite from moisture. In the meantime, the thin layer facilitates charge transfer at the interfaces, thereby reducing the...

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Section: Transient Measurements On the Fpeai Modified Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Environmental Stability Based on a (p‐FC₆H₄C₂H₄NH₃)₂[PbI₄] Capping Layer

Zhou

Liang

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

235

130

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“…Zhao and co‐workers fabricated a carbon‐based PSC by light tungsten (W) doping in TiO 2 , in which the CBMs of TiO 2 can be changed by varying the doping concentration . Su and co‐workers reported that zinc (Zn) doping can lower the bandgap of TiO 2 . Meanwhile, samarium (Sm) doping can drop the surface trap state as well as the key role of regulation of the energy level ( Figure ) .…”

Section: Doped Etls In Perovskite Solar Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doped Charge‐Transporting Layers in Planar Perovskite Solar Cells

Wang

Liao

2018

Advanced Optical Materials

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mesostructured semiconductor (m-TiO 2 , m-SnO 2 , and m-ZnO) or insulating (Al 2 O 3 , and ZrO 2 ) metal oxide as the electrontransporting layer (ETL) and/or scaffold layer is fabricated on the compact layer, following by a coating of the perovskite active layer. A hole-transporting layer (HTL) is then deposited, followed by the evaporation of a metal anode. [7][8][9] However, the deposition of the mesoscopic ETLs generally needs a processing temperature which is higher than 450 °C to improve the optoelectrical properties of the mesoporous layer. [10] The mesostructured semiconductor scaffold can be totally removed when fabricating the planar devices with an n-i-p structure (e.g., fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)/TiO 2 /MAPbI 3−x Cl x /Spiro-OMeTAD/Ag). In addition, planar PSCs with an p-i-n construction have also been fabricated by using poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as the hole-transporting layer and fullerene derivatives as the electron-transporting layer. [11] Compared to mesoscopic devices, the fabrication of planar heterojunction (PHJ) PSCs does not need high temperature process, offering possibilities of achieving flexible devices on plastic substrates and demonstrating potential application in lightweight and wearable electronics. Great efforts have been devoted to fabricate high-performance planar PSCs including the perovskite morphology and crystal optimization, [12,13] the optimal selection of HTLs, and the rational design of ETLs. [14,15] Particularly, both HTL and ETL play very important role in enhancing the device performance of the planar PSCs. For example, 6,6-phenylC61butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) is a commonly used ETM in p-i-n PSCs. After that, more and more electrontransporting materials (ETMs), such as TiO 2 , [16] ZnO, [17] WO 3 , [18] SnO 2 , [19] and ZnSnO 4 [20] with decreased cost, are developed for n-i-p PSCs. For HTMs, 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis-(N,N-dip-methoxyphenylamine) 9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), and poly-triarylamine (PTAA) are utilized in n-i-p PSCs. [21] What is more, PEDOT:PSS, NiO, CuI, CuSCN, CuO x , MoO x , graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have been widely employed as HTMs in p-i-n PSCs. [22][23][24][25][26][27] With significant efforts on proposing device architectures, optimizing perovskite compositions, developing new deposition techniques for high-quality perovskite films, and designning various HTLs and ETLs, the PCE of the planar PSCs has been reached over 23%. Nevertheless, PSCs are still in the early stages for commercialization owing to their existing issues such as unsatisfied efficiency, unstable device performance, Organometal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are brought to the forefront of research focus in photovoltaics field with a rapid efficiency rising over 22% in the past few years. Interface engineering with suitable hole-transporting layer (HTL) and/or electron-transporting layer (ETL) plays very important roles in controlling the charge carrier behavior in...

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“…Due to weak binding energy of the exciton (electron-hole), the separation of these electrons-holes take place at room temperature and requires an instant transport to ETL and HTL under the internal electric eld at the junction. 10 However, failure to transport the photo-generated charge carriers to the appropriate transport layer may result to quick recombination, charge accumulation at the interface and reduction in charge transfer. [11][12][13] Due to the above mentioned reasons, efficient ETL is required to effectively extract the electron from the active layer before recombination occurs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of alkali and transition metal-doped TiO₂ hole blocking layers on the perovskite solar cells obtained by a two-step sequential deposition method in air and under vacuum

et al. 2020

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Enhanced short-circuit current density of perovskite solar cells using Zn-doped TiO2 as electron transport layer

Cited by 96 publications

References 49 publications

High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Environmental Stability Based on a (p‐FC₆H₄C₂H₄NH₃)₂[PbI₄] Capping Layer

High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Environmental Stability Based on a (p‐FC₆H₄C₂H₄NH₃)₂[PbI₄] Capping Layer

Doped Charge‐Transporting Layers in Planar Perovskite Solar Cells

Effects of alkali and transition metal-doped TiO₂ hole blocking layers on the perovskite solar cells obtained by a two-step sequential deposition method in air and under vacuum

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Enhanced short-circuit current density of perovskite solar cells using Zn-doped TiO2 as electron transport layer

Cited by 96 publications

References 49 publications

High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Environmental Stability Based on a (p‐FC6H4C2H4NH3)2[PbI4] Capping Layer

High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Environmental Stability Based on a (p‐FC6H4C2H4NH3)2[PbI4] Capping Layer

Doped Charge‐Transporting Layers in Planar Perovskite Solar Cells

Effects of alkali and transition metal-doped TiO2 hole blocking layers on the perovskite solar cells obtained by a two-step sequential deposition method in air and under vacuum

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Product

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High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Environmental Stability Based on a (p‐FC₆H₄C₂H₄NH₃)₂[PbI₄] Capping Layer

High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Environmental Stability Based on a (p‐FC₆H₄C₂H₄NH₃)₂[PbI₄] Capping Layer

Effects of alkali and transition metal-doped TiO₂ hole blocking layers on the perovskite solar cells obtained by a two-step sequential deposition method in air and under vacuum