Enhanced retrieval of unpleasant memory in helpless rats

Kumar, K. B.; Karanth, K. S.

doi:10.1016/0006-3223(91)90311-9

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Passive avoidance tests or conditioned avoidance tests have been used in several studies to assess memory or retention and also retrieval after or during other treatments (Kumar and Karanth, 1991;Jean et al, 1999;Bartus et al, 1980). Rats quickly learn (one-trial) to avoid noxious stimuli (foot-shock), a highly emotional learning process by suppressing an innate natural behaviour, such as staying in dark corners.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered dendritic arborization of amygdala neurons in young adult rats orally intubated with Clitorea ternatea aqueous root extract

Kiranmai

Murthy

Rao³

et al. 2005

Phytotherapy Research

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Young adult (60 day old) Wistar rats of either sex were orally intubated with 50 mg/kg body weight and 100 mg/kg body weight of aqueous root extract of Clitoria ternatea (CTR) for 30 days, along with age-matched saline controls. These rats were then subjected to passive avoidance tests and the results from these studies showed a significant increase in passive avoidance learning and retention. Subsequent to the passive avoidance tests, these rats were killed by decapitation. The amygdala was processed for Golgi staining and the stained neurons were traced using a camera lucida and analysed. The results showed a significant increase in dendritic intersections, branching points and dendritic processes arising from the soma of amygdaloid neurons in CTR treated rats especially in the 100 mg/kg group of rats, compared with age-matched saline controls. This improved dendritic arborization of amygdaloid neurons correlates with the increased passive avoidance learning and memory in the CTR treated rats as reported earlier. The results suggest that Clitoria ternatea aqueous root extract enhances memory by increasing the functional growth of neurons of the amygdala.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered dendritic arborization of amygdala neurons in young adult rats orally intubated with Clitorea ternatea aqueous root extract

Kiranmai

Murthy

Rao³

et al. 2005

Phytotherapy Research

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“…Attention and memory biases have been also been investigated in animals but in contrast to judgement bias studies, this research has been carried out predominantly in laboratory settings (mostly on rodents), and often with the aim of developing models of human psychopathology [ 45 ]. For example, positive or negative emotional states are induced in the subject and then the attention given to threatening or neutral stimuli is measured [ 45 , 46 ], or the recall ability of unpleasant memories evaluated [ 47 , 48 ]. However, more recently these biases are being investigated in terms of what they tell us about animal emotions and welfare [ 45 ], with concurrent efforts focusing on developing more practical test methodologies [ 49 ].…”

Section: Measuring Cognitive Biasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Bias in Zoo Animals: An Optimistic Outlook for Welfare Assessment

Clegg¹

2018

Animals

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Simple SummaryCognitive bias testing has emerged as one of the most valid tools in measuring animals’ affective states, and while it has been extensively applied in farm and laboratory settings, only a few studies have taken place in zoos and aquaria. This review evaluates past cognitive bias studies on non-domesticated, “exotic” species kept in zoos or other settings and uses their experiences to make recommendations for establishing this research in zoos. The many variables inherent to functioning zoo environments will determine the scope and design of cognitive bias studies, but equally future efforts should be cognizant of the significant and unique benefits for the animals, managers, and scientists involved.AbstractCognitive bias testing measures how emotional states can affect cognitive processes, often described using the “glass half-full/half-empty” paradigm. Classical or operant conditioning is used to measure responses to ambiguous cues, and it has been reported across many species and contexts that an animal’s cognitive bias can be directly linked to welfare state, e.g., those in better welfare make more optimistic judgements. Cognitive bias testing has only recently been applied to animals and represents a key milestone in welfare science: it is currently one of the only accurate methods available to measure welfare. The tests have been conducted on many farm, laboratory, and companion animal species, but have only been carried out in zoo settings a handful of times. The aims of this review are to evaluate the feasibility of cognitive bias testing in zoos and its potential as a tool for studying zoo animal welfare. The few existing zoo cognitive bias studies are reviewed, as well as those conducted on similar, non-domesticated species. This work is then used to discuss how tests could be successfully designed and executed in zoo settings, which types of tests are most appropriate in different contexts, and how the data could be used to improve animal welfare. The review closely examines the many variables are present in the zoo which cannot be controlled as in other settings, termed here the Zoo Environment (ZE) Variables. It is recommended that tests are developed after consideration of each of the ZE Variables, and through strong collaboration between zookeepers, managers, and academic institutions. There is much unexplored potential of cognitive bias testing in the zoo setting, not least its use in investigating animal welfare in zoos. It is hoped that this review will stimulate increased interest in this topic from zoo managers, scientists, and industry regulators alike.

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“…It was shown that the passive avoidance tasks in rats require a contribution from hippocampus and other parts of limbic system (23,24). Passive avoidance tests or conditioned avoidance tests have been used in several studies to assess memory or retention and also retrieval after or during other treatments (25)(26)(27).…”

Section: Blood Lead Content / μG DL -1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Lead Exposure During Foetal and Early Postnatal Life Impairs Passive Avoidance Learning in Adulthood in Rats

Barkur

Rao

Bairy

2011

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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This follow-up study investigated the effects of low-level lead exposure during prenatal and early postnatal period on learning and memory in rats immediately after exposure has ceased at weaning and later in their adulthood. Male Wistar-derived rats were exposed to lead (as 0.2 % lead acetate solution) through their mothers during pregnancy and lactation until they were weaned. Mothers of control rats were given tap water during pregnancy and lactation. All pups were weaned on tap water at 21 days of age and were followed up until 120 days old. Low-level lead exposure did not affect their body weight at any time during the experiment. Blood lead in the exposed rats was signifi cantly higher on postnatal day 22 and dropped to control values by day 120. Passive avoidance test showed impaired memory retention in the exposed rats on postnatal days 25 and 120. This suggests that exposure to low-lead levels during foetal and early postnatal development of brain tissue can cause memory impairment that lasts into adulthood.

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Enhanced retrieval of unpleasant memory in helpless rats

Cited by 12 publications

References 27 publications

Altered dendritic arborization of amygdala neurons in young adult rats orally intubated with Clitorea ternatea aqueous root extract

Altered dendritic arborization of amygdala neurons in young adult rats orally intubated with Clitorea ternatea aqueous root extract

Cognitive Bias in Zoo Animals: An Optimistic Outlook for Welfare Assessment

Low Lead Exposure During Foetal and Early Postnatal Life Impairs Passive Avoidance Learning in Adulthood in Rats

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