Enhanced Priming for Trauma-Related Material in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Michael, Tanja; Ehlers, Anke; Halligan, Sarah L.

doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.1.103

Cited by 101 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Several studies have found increased implicit and explicit emotional memory functions in patients with PTSD (17)(18)(19), but also the opposite has been reported (20). It is important to note that data on memory performance acquired in patients with PTSD are difficult to interpret, because changes in mood, motivation, attention, or arousal can indirectly affect memory performance in both directions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

PKCα is genetically linked to memory capacity in healthy subjects and to risk for posttraumatic stress disorder in genocide survivors

Quervain

Kolassa

Ackermann

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Strong memory of a traumatic event is thought to contribute to the development and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Therefore, a genetic predisposition to build strong memories could lead to increased risk for PTSD after a traumatic event.Here we show that genetic variability of the gene encoding PKCα (PRKCA) was associated with memory capacity-including aversive memory-in nontraumatized subjects of European descent. This finding was replicated in an independent sample of nontraumatized subjects, who additionally underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). fMRI analysis revealed PRKCA genotype-dependent brain activation differences during successful encoding of aversive information. Further, the identified genetic variant was also related to traumatic memory and to the risk for PTSD in heavily traumatized survivors of the Rwandan genocide. Our results indicate a role for PKCα in memory and suggest a genetic link between memory and the risk for PTSD.emotion | trauma | single nucleotide polymorphism E motional experiences are typically well remembered, but there is a large, partly genetically controlled, variability for this phenomenon (1). On the one hand, enhanced memory for emotionally arousing events can be seen as an adaptive mechanism, which helps us to remember important information (2). On the other hand, strong memory of an extremely aversive event may contribute to the development and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (3-6). In a previous study we reported that a deletion variant of the ADRA2B gene was significantly associated with emotional memory in healthy humans and with traumatic memory in a traumatized population, but not significantly with the risk for PTSD (1). Thus, so far, there is no evidence indicating that genetic factors that predispose individuals to build strong aversive memories could also be risk factors for PTSD.Considerable evidence suggests that protein kinases, in particular protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), and mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK), play an important role in the formation of emotional memory in animals (7,8). To study whether the genes encoding these protein kinases are also related with human emotional memory, we applied a behavioral genetics approach and captured the variability of these genes with 2,005 singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (Methods and SI Appendix).The 2,005 selected SNPs were analyzed in an initial sample of 723 young healthy Swiss adults (476 females, 247 males; median age, 22 y; range, 18-35 y), who underwent memory testing. Subjects were presented 24 neutral, 24 positive, and 24 negative photographs in a random order. The photographs were taken from the international affective picture system (IAPS) (9) and presented for 2.5 s each. Immediately following the presentation of each photograph, subjects were asked to rate it for valence and arousal using the IAPS rating scales. After a delay of 10 min, during which subjects performe...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

PKCα is genetically linked to memory capacity in healthy subjects and to risk for posttraumatic stress disorder in genocide survivors

Quervain

Kolassa

Ackermann

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…According to van der Kolk [170, 176], the suppression of hippocampal functioning and activation of the amygdala during horrific experiences underly the implicit, fragmented, and primarily sensory structure of traumatic memories. Traumatic memories certainly have a powerful implicit (nondeclarative) component, and PTSD patients commonly have amnesia, or “memory gaps,” for events that occurred during their trauma (van der Kolk et al [194]; van der Kolk [176]; van der Kolk [170]; Joseph [171]; Yovell et al [195]; Michael et al [196]; Ehlers et al [197]). However, traumatized people commonly provide explicit (declarative) descriptions of the event(s) that precipitated their PTSD symptoms.…”

Section: Cracks In the Edifice Of The Hypothesis That Strong Emotimentioning

confidence: 99%

The Temporal Dynamics Model of Emotional Memory Processing: A Synthesis on the Neurobiological Basis of Stress-Induced Amnesia, Flashbulb and Traumatic Memories, and the Yerkes-Dodson Law

et al. 2007

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We have reviewed research on the effects of stress on LTP in the hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex (PFC) and present new findings which provide insight into how the attention and memory-related functions of these structures are influenced by strong emotionality. We have incorporated the stress-LTP findings into our “temporal dynamics” model, which provides a framework for understanding the neurobiological basis of flashbulb and traumatic memories, as well as stress-induced amnesia. An important feature of the model is the idea that endogenous mechanisms of plasticity in the hippocampus and amygdala are rapidly activated for a relatively short period of time by a strong emotional learning experience. Following this activational period, both structures undergo a state in which the induction of new plasticity is suppressed, which facilitates the memory consolidation process. We further propose that with the onset of strong emotionality, the hippocampus rapidly shifts from a “configural/cognitive map” mode to a “flashbulb memory” mode, which underlies the long-lasting, but fragmented, nature of traumatic memories. Finally, we have speculated on the significance of stress-LTP interactions in the context of the Yerkes-Dodson Law, a well-cited, but misunderstood, century-old principle which states that the relationship between arousal and behavioral performance can be linear or curvilinear, depending on the difficulty of the task.

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“…La premiere est que I'augmentation de l'attention lors de l'encodage favorise l'acces a la rememoration consciente du souvenir (Ochsner, 2000), Or, cbez les participants souffrant de TSPT les informadons negatives subissent un traitement plus intense dans la mesure ou elles constituent des elements externes susceptibles de reveiller les souvenirs repetes et intrusifs de l'evenement traumadque (Williams et al,, 1996), La seconde concerne le fait que dans le TSPT, I'histoire traumatique qui est a I'origine du trouble rend les informations negatives plus aisement assimilables a des souvenirs personnels que d'autres types d'informations (McNally, 1995), Or, il a ete montre que le fait de pouvoir relier les informations a memoriser a des elements de son histoire personnelle (reference a soi) les rend plus distinctes et plus aptes a declencher des details episodiques reladfs a leur contexte d'apprendssage (Eujita & Horiuchi, 2004). Ainsi, le biais de recuperation pour les informations a connotation negative observe chez les participants souffrant de TSPT pourrait refieter le mecanisme par lequel les stimuli anxiogenes activent les souvenirs en lien avec le traumadsme (Tapia et al,, soumis), Einalement, ces donnees suggerent que le biais de memoire largement observe dans les etudes qui ont porte sur la memoire explicite n'est en fait avere que pour la composante autonoetique du processus de recuperation, Aussi, l'avantage mnesique apporte par les informations a connotation traumatique ne se traduit pas uniquement par une augmentation du nombre d'informations rappelees mais permet egalement d'elever la qualite des informations recuperees, Le fait que cet acces a la conscience autonoedque soit anormalement facilite dans le TSPT pourrait refieter I'hypersensibiiite de ces patients vis-a-vis des stimuli potentiellement menagants, Biais de memoire dans la memoire implicite Contrairement a la memoire explicite, les travaux portant sur les performances en memoire implicite dans le TSPT n'ont pas reveie I'existence de deficit pour ce type de memoire (Golier, Yehuda, Lupien, Harvey, Grossman & Elkin, 2002), Cependant, avec un materiel connote, des effets sous la forme de biais de memoire ont ete observes cbez les pardcipants souffrant de TSPT, Michael, Ehlers et Halligan (2005) ont utilise un paradigme de completement de trigrammes chez 69 participants ayant subi une agression (physiques, avec une arme ou sexuelles) en faisant varier la connotation emotionnelle des mots a encoder (mots lies a l'agression, mots mena^ants, mots neutres). Les resultats ont revele que parmi ces 69 participants, les 26 qui ont developpe un TSPT montralent un effet d'amorgage plus important pour les mots specifiquement lies a l'agression compares aux autres participants traumatises sans TSPT.…”

Section: Biais De Memoire Dans La Memoire Expliciteunclassified

Mémoire et émotion dans le trouble de stress post-traumatique (TSPT).

Tapia¹,

Clarys²,

Isingrini³

et al. 2007

Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne

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ResumeDans le Trouble de stress post-traumatique (TSPT), l'hypermnesie relative au traumatisme vecu engendre chez l'individu diverses perturbations emodonnelles qui se traduisent essentiellement par un etat d'hypersensibilite accrue envers les stimuli environnants. Ainsi, les fonctions mnesiques et emodonnelles occupent une place importante dans la symptomatologie du TSPT. A travers une approche propre a la psychopathologie cognitive, l'objectif de cet ardcle est de preciser la nature des liens entre processus mnesiques et emodonnels dans le TSPT. Les travaux menes dans ce sens, qu'ils portent sur la memoire explicite ou sur son versant implicite, revelent un biais de memoire pour les informations a contenu traumadque specifique aux participants souffrant de TSPT. En precisant le fonctionnement des mecanismes cognitifs qui sont a l'origine du biais de memoire pour les informations traumatiques, nous pouvons esperer que ces etudes fournissent certaines bases permettant de progresser dans la comprehension des mecanismes cognitifs a l'origine des symptomes mnesiques de repetition du TSPT.Le Trouble de stress post-traumatique (TSPT) est un trouble anxieux, qui touche 7 a 14 % de la populadon generale selon les etudes (El-Hage, 2003). L'apparition des symptomes fait suite au vecu d'un evenement exceptionnel au cours duquel la vie ou CanadiaiTPsychology/Psychologie canadienne, 2007, 48:2, 106-119 I'integrite physique d'un individu ou de celle d'autrui a ete menacee. Cette confrontadon soudaine avec le danger provoque une trace mnesique forte qui se traduit par une hypermnesie marquee de reviviscences diurnes et nocturnes d'une ou plusieurs scenes du traumatisme. Paradoxalement, ce phenomene d'hypermnesie alterne avec une amnesie pour d'autres aspects du traumatisme. Le dysfonctionnement mnesique apparait done central dans la symptomatologie de ce trouble. Le deroulement automadque et incoercible des souvenirs traumadques plonge l'individu souffrant de TSPT dans un etat d'hypersensibilite emodonnelle qui se manifeste generalement par une vigilance accrue vis-a-vis de l'environnement. De ce fait, la composante emodonnelle est egalement tres presente dans la production et la persistance des symptomes. II ressort done que, dans la symptomatologie du TSPT, memoire et emodon exercent des influences reciproques qui pourraient jouer un role dans l'apparition et le maintien des symptomes. Ainsi, preciser les interactions entre memoire et emotion dans le TSPT permettrait a terme de mieux comprendre les facteurs qui sont a l'origine de I'emergence et de la persistance des symptomes cliniques qui accompagnent ce syndrome.Le principal objectif de cette revue de la litterature est de presenter les travaux qui ont etudie l'influence du facteur emodonnel sur le foncdonnement de la memoire dans le TSPT. II s'agira de preciser, en nous appuyant sur les donnees issues d'etudes utilisant une approche experimentale, la fagon dont s'ardculent les processus mnesiques et emodonnels dans le TSPT. Cela afin de preciser les mecanismes cognitifs ...

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Enhanced Priming for Trauma-Related Material in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Cited by 101 publications

References 38 publications

PKCα is genetically linked to memory capacity in healthy subjects and to risk for posttraumatic stress disorder in genocide survivors

PKCα is genetically linked to memory capacity in healthy subjects and to risk for posttraumatic stress disorder in genocide survivors

The Temporal Dynamics Model of Emotional Memory Processing: A Synthesis on the Neurobiological Basis of Stress-Induced Amnesia, Flashbulb and Traumatic Memories, and the Yerkes-Dodson Law

Mémoire et émotion dans le trouble de stress post-traumatique (TSPT).

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