Enhanced prepulse inhibition of startle using salient prepulses in rats

Röskam, Stephan; Koch, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.04.004

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The PPI level depends on the salience and processing depth of the prepulse signal (Carlson and Willott, 1996;Ison et al, 1998;Röskam and Koch, 2006;Franklin et al, 2007;Huang et al, 2007;Zou et al, 2007;Li et al, 2008;Du et al, 2009bDu et al, , 2010. Fear conditioning of the prepulse specifically improves the ecological salience of the conditioned prepulse stimulus and facilitates rats' attention to the "selected" prepulse, thereby enhancing PPI as revealed in this and previous studies Zou et al, 2007;Li et al, 2008;Du et al, 2009bDu et al, , 2010Ishii et al, 2010).…”

Section: Two Types Of Top-down Enhancements Of Ppisupporting

confidence: 60%

Differentially Organized Top-Down Modulation of Prepulse Inhibition of Startle

Du¹,

Wu²,

Li³

2011

J. Neurosci.

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Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle is the suppression of the startle reflex when a weaker sensory stimulus (the prepulse) shortly precedes the startling stimulus. PPI can be attentionally enhanced in both humans and laboratory animals. This study investigated whether the following three forebrain structures, which are critical for initial cortical processing of auditory signals, auditory fear conditioning/ memories, and spatial attention, respectively, play a role in the top-down modulation of PPI in rats: the primary auditory cortex (A1), lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA), and posterior parietal cortex (PPC). The results show that, under the noise-masking condition, PPI was enhanced by fear conditioning of the prepulse in a prepulse-specific manner, and the conditioning-induced PPI enhancement was further increased by perceptual separation between the conditioned prepulse and the noise masker. Reversibly blocking glutamate receptors in the A1 with 2 mM kynurenic acid eliminated both the conditioning-induced and perceptual separation-induced PPI enhancements. Blocking the LA eliminated the conditioning-induced but not the perceptual separation-induced PPI enhancement, and blocking the PPC specifically eliminated the perceptual separation-induced PPI enhancement. The two types of PPI enhancements were also eliminated by the extinction manipulation. Thus, the top-down modulation of PPI is differentially organized and depends on operations of various forebrain structures. Due to the fine-tuned modulation by higher-order cognitive processes, functions of PPI can be more flexible to complex environments. The top-down enhancements of PPI in rats are also useful for modeling some mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder.

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Section: Two Types Of Top-down Enhancements Of Ppisupporting

confidence: 60%

Differentially Organized Top-Down Modulation of Prepulse Inhibition of Startle

Du¹,

Wu²,

Li³

2011

J. Neurosci.

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“…Given the potential of PPI as a cross-species translational paradigm, that work is clearly warranted. The difference in findings between the present work on appetitive motivation and the recent report of Röskam and Koch (2006) with defensive motivation suggests that consideration of both types of salient stimuli will also be important.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the two methodologies examine very different types of motivation. In Röskam and Koch (2006), the conditioned inhibitor was believed to reduce defensive motivation, whereas the CS + in the present study was designed to enhance appetitive motivation. 3 Unfortunately, considerably more work must be done in this area to determine the parameters that reliably influence these effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Motivated attention and prepulse inhibition of startle in rats: Using conditioned reinforcers as prepulses.

Baschnagel¹,

Hawk²,

Colder³

et al. 2007

Behavioral Neuroscience

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In humans, prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle is greater during attended prestimuli than it is during ignored prestimuli, whereas in rats, most work has focused on passive PPI, which does not require attention. In the work described in this article, researchers developed a paradigm to assess attentional modification of PPI in rats using motivationally salient prepulses. Water-deprived rats were either conditioned to attend to a conditioned stimulus (CS; 1-s, 7-dB increase in white noise) paired with water (CS + group), or they received uncorrelated presentations of white noise and water (CS 0 group). After 10 conditioning sessions, startle probes (50 ms, 115 dB) were introduced, with the CS serving as a continuous prepulse. Three experiments examined PPI across a range of prepulse intensities (4-10 dB) and stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs; 30-960 ms). PPI was consistently reduced in the CS + group, particularly with a 10-dB prepulse and a 60-ms SOA. Thus, PPI in rats differed between attended and ignored prestimuli, but the effect was reversed in the results of research with humans. A fourth study eliminated the group difference by reversing the CS-water contingency. Methodological and motivational hypotheses regarding the current findings are discussed.

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“…Huang et al, 2007; N. X. Li et al, 2008;Zou et al, 2007) or fear-extinction conditioned (Röskam & Koch, 2006), PPI is markedly enhanced, suggesting that the facilitation of rats' selective attention to the prepulse and/or the spatial location of the prepulse can be built up when the prepulse becomes ecologically significant. To further confirm the effects of selective attention to a prepulse on PPI in rats, new testing paradigms, in which selective attention is clearly involved, need to be established.…”

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confidence: 99%

Precedence-effect-induced enhancement of prepulse inhibition in socially reared but not isolation-reared rats

et al. 2009

Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience

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Attention to a prepulse presented shortly before a startling stimulus enhances prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle in normal people, but not in schizophrenics. Fear conditioning for the prepulse enhances PPI in socially reared, but not isolation-reared, rats. In humans, selective attention to acoustic signals against masking can be facilitated by precedence-effect-induced perceived spatial separation between the signal and the masker. This study investigated whether perceived spatial separation between a prepulse and a noise masker enhances PPI in socially reared rats and isolation-reared rats. The results show that both PPI and conditioning-induced PPI enhancement were larger in socially reared rats than in isolation-reared rats. More important, in socially reared, but not isolation-reared, rats, a further PPI enhancement was induced by precedence-effect-induced perceived separation between a prepulse and a masker only after the prepulse became fear conditioned. Thus, perceived separation facilitates normal rats' attention to a conditioned prepulse and enhances PPI. Isolation rearing impairs rats' ability to attend to ecologically significant acoustic events.

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Enhanced prepulse inhibition of startle using salient prepulses in rats

Cited by 20 publications

References 31 publications

Differentially Organized Top-Down Modulation of Prepulse Inhibition of Startle

Differentially Organized Top-Down Modulation of Prepulse Inhibition of Startle

Motivated attention and prepulse inhibition of startle in rats: Using conditioned reinforcers as prepulses.

Precedence-effect-induced enhancement of prepulse inhibition in socially reared but not isolation-reared rats

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